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在马克思墓前的讲话

2020-05-22 来源:意榕旅游网

  [教学目的]

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp了解马克思的伟大贡献,学习马克思献身于革命与科学的精神。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp理解本文的论述特点--严密的逻辑性(严谨的结构;高度精练、概括的语言);学习本文记叙、议论、抒情三种表达方式水乳交融的特点。(重点)

  [教学课时]

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp两课时。

  [教学方法]

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp讲读法。

  [教具准备]

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp录音机;幻灯片。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第一课时

  [教学内容]简介马克思生平;把握全文结构;分析1-3段。

  [教学过程 ]

  一、导入  (简介生平)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp今天学习,作者恩格斯。(板书)

  这一节课我们学习的任务是:(板书)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp伟大贡献

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp论述特点:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp严密的逻辑性

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp高度的概括性

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp浓烈的抒情性

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp关于马克思的事迹,课文里有一些介绍,除此之外,你还能说出多少?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp马克思1818年5月5日生于普鲁士(德国)。他25岁时迁居法国巴黎。在大学里研究法学、历史和哲学。大学毕业后,就开始了他一生的政治活动。他与恩格斯一起在革命实践中共同战斗,在革命理论上共同创造。直到1883年3月14日他因病逝世。

  马克思曾先后四次遭到一些国家反动政府的驱逐。他生活贫困。最穷困的时候连吃的都没有。面包房、肉铺、房东都来讨债,连夫人的围巾、家里的家具、自己穿的上衣都拿去典当了,为此他无法上街。有时想寄稿连买邮票的钱都没有。马克思很爱他的孩子。可两个儿子一个养到八岁,一个二岁,都因贫病无钱医治而死。他的小女儿,得了重病,不到11个月就死了,那是1852年的复活节,马克思刚写好一本小册子。小女孩死后只能放到家中,后得到一法国流亡者次助的二英镑钱,才付清了棺材钱。他家分别在1850年、1852年、1857年连续死了四个孩子,只存活了三个女儿。

  马克思在这样贫困的情况下,为了全人类的解放事业,仍然顽强的斗争,勤奋的工作。比如他写《资本论》一书,就花了他整整40年时间,为了写《资本论》,他和做过的摘记的书就有1500种以上。《资本论》的稿酬远远抵不上他写这部巨著时的所花的烟钱。马克思说,他为此献出了自己的健康、幸福和家庭。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp马克思在中学毕业时写了一篇有关选择职业的文章,他说:“如果我们选择了最能为人类幸福而劳动的职业,我们就不会为它的重负所压倒,因为这是为全人类所作的牺牲;那时我们感到的将不是一点点自私而可怜的欢乐,我们的幸福将属于千万人,我们的事业并不显赫一时,但将永远存在;而面对我们的骨灰,高尚的人们将洒下热泪。”

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp同学们,现在中学生中有少狂热的“追星族”,我想我们更应当崇拜、追寻伟人的足迹,这才是最灿烂、最辉煌、最具划时代意义的伟大“星座”啊!现在就让我们怀着无比崇敬的心情来学习这篇文章,了解马克思的伟大贡献,同时体会本文高超的结构艺术和语言艺术吧!

  二、“预习提示”里说了,这是一篇悼词。什么是悼词呢?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(出示幻灯片)请看:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp悼词,一种文体,对死者表示哀悼的话。(属于议论文范畴。)其结构一般为:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp开头:介绍死者生前职务、身份,逝世的原因、时间、地点及其享年。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp中间:追述死者的经历和一生中做出的成就、贡献、影响,并简要作出评价。&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp结尾:对死者表示哀悼之情,对参加悼念仪式的人提出和要求。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp现在,先请大家听录音朗诵,然后根据悼词的要求(见幻灯),结合文中介绍的马克思的主要贡献,思考本文可分为几大层。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp三、讨论文章层次与段意。(板书)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp1、首先,根据悼词的特点可将文章分为几大块?(见下)

  一、&nbsp逝世情况(1)&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp发现人类历史发展规律(3)科学家

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp对于&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp发现剩余价值&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(4)(思想家)&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp历史科学&nbsp其他许多领域也有发现(5)理论&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp驱逐 &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp二、巨大损失&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp科学是革命的力量&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(6)&nbsp&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp敌人&nbsp诽谤

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(伟大贡献)对于&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp宣传革命(编报、著书)&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp诅咒

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(2)&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp无产阶级&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(7)革命家-&nbsp影响&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp尊敬

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp组织革命(创立工人协会)&nbsp实践&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp人民&nbsp爱戴

  三、悼念、信念、赞颂&nbsp(9)&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(8)&nbsp&nbsp悼念

  2、请同学们把课文再速读一遍,排一排马克思一生中对人类的伟大贡献主要有哪些?(板书所说的答案,见上)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp3、怎样确定哪一项是马克思一生中最伟大的贡献?理由是什么?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp提示:大家研究一下,恩格斯对马克思所做的各项工作的评价是不是完全一样?你从恩格斯的哪些用语可以看出?请在课文中画出最关键的词语。然后说出你的见解。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp明确:创立伟大的国际工人协会。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp理由:马克思既是一个科学家(思想家),又是一个革命家。但作为一个科学家,这“远不是主要”的。为什么“远不是主要的”?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp因为科学是革命的力量(6)。(因为科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的革命的力量。)这是个承上启下的段落。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp那么,什么是“主要的”?下文说,他“首先”是一个革命&nbsp家,(“首先”,就是“更主要的”的意思。)而作为他的“顶峰”就是创立伟大的国际工人协会。

  5、作者是怎样评价马克思的伟大贡献的?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp巨大损失(伟大贡献)&nbsp&nbsp对于无产阶级&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp对于历史科学&nbsp&nbsp

  (是不可估量的损失)两个“对于”有没有弄错位置?没有。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp6、结合悼词的结构思考:第8段写的是什么内容?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp影响&nbsp&nbsp敌人:驱逐&nbsp诽谤&nbsp诅咒&nbsp&nbsp人民:尊敬&nbsp爱戴&nbsp悼念&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp[小结]大家看(见板书),我们读了这篇悼词,不仅了解了马克思的伟大贡献,使我们的思想灵魂受到洗礼,唤起我们的无比崇敬之情,而且从议论文的特点来看,本文在论述上,逻辑思路是何等的严密啊!本文的中心是论述马克思对无产阶级革命的伟大贡献,而这主要是通过“思想家”和“革命家”两个方面来论述的。前者表现在创建无产阶级理论,后者表现在参加伟大的革命实践,而这两个重点,又是紧扣文章第二部分第一段中的“这个人的逝世,对于欧美战斗着的无产阶级,对于历史科学,都是不可估量的损失”中的两个“对于”来阐发的。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp逻辑严密还表现在文章各个部分各个段落之间的紧密联系上:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp从全文来说,有的地方用了过渡段(如第2、6段);

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp就段与段之间来说,一般都用了总括上文引起下文的承递性语句。如:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第2段的“这个人的逝世”;

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第4段的“不仅如此”;

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第5段的“一生中能有这样两个发现”;

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第6段的“他作为科学家就是这样”;

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第7段的“因为马克思是一个革命家”;

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第8段的“正因为这样”。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp就这样,作者运用这些关联性的语句,一步一步地把马克思的伟大贡献与巨大影响,推向高峰。不仅使段落过渡自然,前勾后连,联系紧密,而且使论述内容重点突出。读这样的文章,就好比登山,翻过一个山头,又发现另一个更高的山头在前面,直到你登上最高峰,才发现“无限风光在险峰”,从而使你情不自禁地发出感慨:“会当凌绝顶,一览众山小”啊!

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp同学们,这就是议论文的逻辑美,凡是美的事物,都是富有诗意的事物。我们从议论文中也读出了诗的节奏与韵律。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp四、现在我们再体会一下本文论述上的特点:高度的概括性和浓烈的抒情性吧!

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp1、&nbsp分析第1、2段语言的抒情性(揭示出下面语句所蕴含的思想感情):

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspA、“三刻”:突出这一时间对全世界无产阶级的重大影响。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspB、“停止思想了”、“安静地睡着了”、“永远地睡着了”:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(见书)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspC、破折号的作用(见书)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspD、“这位巨人”到“感觉到”。(见课后练习二、2)

  [总结]从语文学习的角度来总结,今天我们学习,主要是要懂得下面两点:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp1、阅读和写作议论文必须理清文章的逻辑思路,讲究运用过渡词句,使文章结构

  严谨,浑然天成。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp2、即使是议论文阅读,我们也要运用自身所积累的,与所学内容相关的背景知识来理解课文。这样我们才能进入“角色”,与课文、与作者产生强烈的共鸣,唤起与作者同样的情感体验。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp至于本文在论述上的抒情性与概括性,我们明天学完了这篇课文,再来总结规律。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp[作业 ]完成课后练习题(就写在书上)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp下课。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp第二课时

  [教学内容]分析3-8段;总结课文特点;完成习题。

  [教学过程 ]

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp一、复习提问:

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp1、议论文结构有哪些类型?(总分;递进)怎样才能使议论文结构严谨?(层次清晰;过渡自然;用好关联词句。)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp2、阅读文章,怎样才能与作者及其作品在思想感情上产生共鸣?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp二、分析第3-8段

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp1、读“提示”第三段开头一句,分析第三自然段论述语言的概括性。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbspA、第三段是一个长句。分析长句的方法是:首先分析句子的结构,使句子的内容明朗化;然后,借助相关知识,弄懂句子的含义。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp这是一个单句,还是一个复句?是单句划分成分,是复句划分层次。(单句。成分划分略)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbspB、作者是怎样评价马克思的这一伟大发现的?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp与达尔文类比

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp达尔文&nbsp&nbsp生物界的发展规律&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp马克思&nbsp&nbsp人类历史的发展规律

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp都是划时代的伟大发现&nbsp。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbspC、问:“简单事实”后的冒号所领起的内容是什么?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp即“人类历史发展规律”的具体内容。

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbspD、如何理解这一规律?

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp首先,理解词句的含义;

  吃、喝、住、穿&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp=物质、存在

  政治、科学、艺术、宗教=精神、意识

  直接的物质的资料的生产&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp占统治地位

  一个民族或一个时代的一定的&nbsp经济基础&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp的生产关系

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp经济发展阶段&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp各方面总和

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp生产资料所有制形

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp决&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp式、人们在生产中

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp定&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp的地位、分配形式

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp国家政权、

  国家制度&nbsp法制、军队、&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp生产力

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp警察、法庭等

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp政治、法律、&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp上层&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp人;劳动对象;

  意识形态&nbsp道德、社会科学&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp建筑&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp劳动工具

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp艺术、宗教等

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp其次,了解复句中各分句间的层次关系。这样就可以理解这个“规律”。(先讨论,再打幻灯片)

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp承条(1)人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿,&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp存在决

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp接件(2)然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等;&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp定意识

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(3)所以,直接的物质的生活资料的生产,从而一&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

  因&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp承&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段,便&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp经济基

  果&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp接&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp构成基础,&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp础决定&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp

  &nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp(4)人们的国家制度,法的观点,艺术以至宗教观&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp上层建&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp&nbsp经济

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