文学英语赏析复习重点
1. Figures of Speech 修辞格 P15-19
Simile 明喻：one thing is compared with another, usually using the word like, as.
Metaphor 暗喻 : when we make a direct comparison between one idea and another unrelated idea.
Alliteration 头韵 : when the same consonant sound (辅音) is repeated in words either next to or close to each other.
Assonance 半韵 : Assonance refers to the repetition of similar vowel sounds(元音) close to each other.
Personification 拟人 ：when a non-animate（无生命） object is given animate（有生命） characteristics.
Parallelism 排比 ： when we have an identical structure repeated one or more times.
Irony(and Sarcasm) 讽刺 : On one level, a person’s words do not match their intention; on another level, irony refers to the total situation.
Puns and wordplay 双关 : 有发音双关和词义双关。
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2.句子或单词的正式程度：degrees of formality: very informal – informal—neutral(中性)—formal --- very formal
单词： general(普通) --- specific （特殊）
3. the Short Story 六要素 P29
Plot 情节 ：opening – development --- climax/ crisis (高潮)– anticlimax—coda （结尾）
The Sniper (阻击手) ： 小说故事发生地点：on a rooftop P32
near
O’Connell
Bridge
Setting 地点 ： refers to the physical location and the background information about the reason for telling the story and information we may need about the main character or characters P36
Characterization 人物刻画 : appearance ( 外貌) ， dialogue (对话)， behavior(行为) P39
Point of View 角度，视角 ： P41-42
1) first person narrative 第一人称。代表作：The Paring knife
2) “ I am a camera” third person narrative 照相机式第三人称。代表作： The Sniper
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3) third person narrative seen from only one of the characters’ point of view, 代表作：Night
4) third person narrative seen from two or more different characters’ point of view ,代表作：Rosary
5) third person omniscient(无所不知的) narrative, 代表作：Yours
4. Time Structure 时间结构 P44-45
1) the linear (顺叙)：the action proceeds as in real time, one event follows another
代表作：The Sniper , 和 Room for one more
2) the flashback （倒叙），usually works by starting a story at a point in the recent past, then switching the action back to an earlier time, farther back in the past. At the end it will usually bring us back to the same time zone we started from.
代表作：The Paring knife, 和 Bluebells and Autumn Leaves 和Words Long Unspoken
3) the moving point (移动点)：when the writer shifts abruptly back and forth between different time zones.
代表作：Mother
5. Short Story短篇小说：
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5.1) Hills Like White Elephant 《白象似的群山》： P51
作者：Ernest Hemingway: American novelist and short story writer. Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖(1954)获得者.
文体风格：prose style--- economical, direct and immediate.
故事地点：a train station in Spain
故事内容：一对情侣在火车站等车时，两人在小店喝一种licorice(苦艾酒)饮料，双方为了abortion（堕胎）不愉快经历。
5.2) The Man Who Talked to Trees 《和树交谈的人》： P54
作者：Alan Maley 他的作品还有： Words Long Unspoken 《好久没有说的话》
5.3） Eveline 《伊芙林》： P57
作者：James Joyce : Irish novelist, poet, one of the innovative writers of the 20th century. Master of stream of consciousness (意识流大师)
代表作：Dubliners 《都柏林人》，Ulysses 《尤利西斯》， In Finnegan’s Wake 《为芬尼根守灵》
故事内容：It presents us with the dilemma(进退两
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难)of a young girl, Eveline, living as a domestic slave to her violent father and younger siblings(兄弟)， who has the chance to escape to a new life with her lover.
5.4) Thief 《小偷》 作者：Robley Welson P59
5.5) Paper Pills 《纸丸》 P62
作者：Sherwood Anderson: writer between two wars
代表作：Winesburg, Ohio 《俄亥俄州温斯堡》
6. Novels 长篇小说：
6.1) A Christmas Carol《圣诞颂歌》： P66
作者： Charles Dickens 主人翁： a old miser (吝啬鬼)， Scrooge
6.2) Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》： P68
作者： Joseph Conrad
故事内容： The adventurer , Marlow 在Thames 河口向一群水手介绍去Congo River 探险寻找一位神秘人Kurtz
6.3） Lord of the Flies《苍蝇王》： P72
作者：Golding: Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖
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(1983)获得者.
故事内容： a group of schoolboys survive an air-crash（空难），后来分裂成两派，正方代表有Ralph, Piggy, Simon, 反方代表以Jack为首，最后正方失败。故事结尾出现cruiser(巡洋舰)，暗示着人类好战破坏的价值观the warlike, destructive values of adult。
Lord of the Flies is a dystopla(反面乌托邦)。Golding makes and intertextual reference（映射） to the 19th century novel for boys—Coral Island (珊瑚岛)by R.M. Ballantine, which presents an optimistic, romanticized, idealistic story of some boys shipwrecked (船只失事) on a coral island.
6.4) Jane Eyre《简爱》： P74
作者： Charlotte Bronte 主人翁：Jane Eyre 和Mr. Rochester
她小说主题 themes--- passionate love, love for a married man, woman as an independent agent in a male-dominated world.
Jane Eyre 曾经当过governess （家庭教师）
6.5） The Pearl《珍珠》： P77
作者： Steinbeck: Nobel Prize Winner 诺贝尔文学奖(1974)获得者
故事内容：Kino, a poor fisherman, 因为得到一个硕大
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珍珠，最后家破人亡。
6.6）The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde《杰克医生和海德先生的奇案》： P81
故事内容：杰克白天是一名受人尊敬的医生，晚上服用一种药物，就变成无恶不作的坏人海德先生，最后药物失控，事情败露，自杀。
6.7）A Burnt-Out Case《病毒发尽的病例》： 作者：Graham Greene P87
6.8) Wide Sargasso Sea《茫茫沧海》：作者：Jean Rhys P90
Wide Sargasso Sea takes the story of Jane Eyre and re-tells it from the point of view of the first Mrs. Rochester. 《茫茫沧海》是从《简爱》中Rochester第一任妻子角度改写的故事。
6.9）The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》：作者： Thomas Hardy P93
Hardy sets most of his novels in “Wessex”— a region of England
6.10) The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的肖像》：作者：Oscar Wilde P94
6.11) The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》：作者：Ernest Hemingway P96
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小说主题：It is a novel about the strength, endurance and cunning intelligence of one man pitted（反抗） against the forces of nature.
6.12） Great Expectations《远大前程》：作者：Charles Dickens P98
小说主人翁：Pip, a poor orphan (孤儿)，和 Magwitch, a convict（罪犯）
7. Non- Fiction 演说，散文
7.1）The Gettysburg Address《葛底斯堡演说》： P104
演说者：Abraham Lincoln(林肯), 演说时间： Nov.19, 1863
演说目的：to reinforce(加强)the principles of freedom for all for which the war is being fought. He urges his listeners to make sure that those who died in this great battle should not have died for nothing.
演说开头：Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers ….
7.2) I Have a Dream 《我有一个梦想》： P109
演说者：Martin Luther King Jr(马丁.路德.金) 演说时间： Aug. 28, 1963
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演说地点：at the Lincoln Memorial（林肯纪念堂）in Washing D.C.
演说开头：Five score years ago, a great American, ….
7.3) Speech On the Granting of Indian
Independence《庆祝印度独立演说》P112
演说者：Jawaharlal Nehru (尼赫鲁) 演说时间： August 14, 1947
7.4 Of Studies《论学习》：作者；Francis Bacon （培根） P114
《论学习》中一些名句：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing and exact man.
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
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Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like.
8. Poetry 诗歌 P118
Types of Poetry 诗歌种类：
8.1）Lyrical Peoms:抒情诗：to express strong emotional feelings
代表作：Rain《雨》 P119
8.2）Narrative Poems:叙事诗：to tell a story
代表作：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《一个老水手的故事》P119
作者：Samuel Taylor Coleridge
8.3） Elegies:挽诗：to commemorate (悼念)someone who has died
代表作：Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone《钟停下来，电话线切断》
作者：W.H. Auden P120
8.4）Confessional poetry: (自白诗)：to explore the poet’s inner world and feelings.
代表作：The Dead Heart 《一颗死心》: 作者：Anne
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Sexton
代表作家：Robert Lowell, Allen Ginsberg, Sylvia Plath, John Berryman, Anne Sexton.
自白诗主题：revelations about sex, madness, hallucinations(幻想)， drugs, suicide, outrageous feelings—and partly by the raw, direct way.
影响最大的两人：D.H. Lawrence 和 Walt Whitman (惠特曼) 的代表作Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》
8.5）Poetry of Observation:观察诗：to describe in perceptive ways an object or person
代表作：Finding a Sheep’s Skull《找到一个山羊头骨》 作者：Frances Horovitz P123
8.6）Protest Poetry:抗议诗：to criticize or protest against something or someone代表作：Love Your Enemy《爱你的敌人》 Relative Sadness《相对悲伤》 P124
8.7）Satirical Poetry:讽刺/挖苦诗：to mock people or manners
代表作：How to Deal with the Press《怎样应对媒体》 作者：Wendy Cope P124
8.8） Comic Poetry:喜剧诗：to amuse people and make them laugh.
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代表作家：Edward Lear 和 Ogden Nash
代表作：There was an old man of Calcuttla《加尔格达有一位老人》
A word to husbands 《对丈夫说的话》 P125
8.9） The Ballad 民谣： P126
格律：a b c b
代表作： The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《一个老水手的故事》
The streets of Laredo 《Laredo 大街》
8.10）The Sonnet 十四行诗 P127
Shakespearean 莎士比亚十四行诗格律：abab cdcd efef gg
8.11）Quatrain 四行诗 P127
Haiku 绯句： 3 lines, 三行分别有5，7，5个syllables （音节）
8.12）Cinquain： 五行诗 P128
代表作：《Dancer》, 《He is old》, 《Parting》.
五行诗五行分别有2，4，6，8，2个syllables （音节）
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8.13） The Limerick 五行打油诗: 格律：aabba P130
8.14) Visual Poetry 视觉诗 P130
代表作： 《40-love》（作者：George Herbert ） 和 《The Wall》
8.15) Free Verse 自由诗 P131
定义：It is not constrained by any of the usual formal discipline . It does not have to rhyme or obey rules of metre or line length.
代表诗人：D.H. Lawrence
8.16) 补充诗歌
《The Charge of the Light Brigade》 P138
作者： Tennyson Poet Laureate （桂冠诗人）
《Ballad of Reading Gaol》 作者：Oscar Wilde P140
《Wild Nights! Wild Nights!》 作者：Emily Dickinson P141
《Words》 作者：Anne Sexton P141
《Be Glad Your Nose is on Your Face》作者：Jack Prelutsky P142
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《The War Process》作者： Benjamin Zephaniah P143
《Interruption to a Journey》作者：Norman MacCaig P143
《The Owl》 作者： Edward Thomas P144
《Too Soon》作者： Mary Yarnall P144
《Coat》作者：Vicki Feaver P145
《Leisure》作者： W.H. Davies P146
《The Wall》视觉诗 作者：Abdul Ghafar Ibrahim P146
9. Drama 戏剧
9.1) Comedy 喜剧 P149-152
代表作：The Importance of Being Earnest 《诚实的重要性》
作者： Oscar Wilde 主人翁：Lady Bracknell Jack Worthing
故事内容：It is about two young men getting engaged(订婚) to two young women.
9.2) Tragedy 悲剧
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代表作：Macbeth 《麦克白》 P152
作者：William Shakespeare 主人翁： Macbeth, Lady Macbeth,
莎士比亚四大悲剧：Hamlet, King lear, Macbeth, Othello.
9.3) Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞剧 P154
代表作：The Dumb Waiter 《升降机》
作者：Harold Pinter诺贝尔文学奖(2005)获得者
主人翁：Ben 和 Gus
故事内容：Two men are in the basement（地下室）of a house or restaurant.
戏剧语言:The language is very spare and brief, but it seems to have hidden meanings.
9.4) Theatre of Social Commentary 社会评论剧 P157
代表作：An Inspector Calls 《巡官登门》
作者：J.B. Priestley : a committed socialist （社会主义者）
戏剧主题：to show how hypocritical (虚伪) and uncaring (漠不关心) of the property-owning classes(资产
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阶级)。
9.5） Historical Drama 历史剧 P159
代表作: The Crucible 《炼狱》
作者：Arthur Miller
主人翁：Abigail, John Proctor, Elizabeth
戏剧主题：The play is set in New England at the end of 17th century. It concerns a real historical incident, involving withcraft(魔法) and an attack of mass hysteria(歇斯底里)。
9.6）补充戏剧 P164-173
《In the Native State》 作者：Tom Stoppard
《The Birthday Party》作者：Harold Pinter
《The Merchant》作者：Arnold Wesker
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