派生词

派生词

派生词

在新课标全国卷的语法填空题中，有涉及单词的形式变化的题目。此外，新考纲要求考生掌握3 500多个英语单词。因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。

一、名词后缀

1．动词 ＋ -ion/-tion /-sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程)

correct v．改正；纠正 correction n．改正

celebrate v．庆祝 celebration n．庆祝；庆祝会

conclude v．完成；结束 conclusion n．结论；结束

2．动词 ＋-er/-or→名词(表示从事某种职业

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或进行某种活动的人)

drive v．驾驶开车；驱赶 driver n．司机；驾驶员

gather v．聚集；采集 gatherer n．收集者；采集者

conduct v．指挥；管理 conductor n．指挥；售票员

3．动词＋-ment→名词

punish v．惩罚 punishment n．惩罚 4．动词/形容词＋-th→名词

warm adj.温暖的 warmth n．温暖 grow v．生长

growth n．生长

5．形容词＋-y→名词

difficult adj.困难的 difficulty n．困难 honest adj.诚实的 honesty n．诚实 6．形容词＋-ness→名词

kind adj.善良的 kindness n．善良 7．动词 ＋-ance→名词

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annoy vt.使烦恼 annoyance n．生气；烦恼

8．-ship结尾的名词(表示身份；关系；资格) member n．成员；会员 membership n．会员资格

professor n．教授 professorship n．教授身份

9．-ing结尾的名词

garden n．花园 gardening n．园艺 greet v．打招呼；问候 greetings n．问候

[针对训练]

语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)

A

From the 1.________________ (express) on Mary’s face, he knew he left a bad 2. ________________ (impress) on her and if she

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won the 3. ________________ (elect) to become chairman

of

the

Environment

4.

________________ (organize), he could not get her 5. ________________ (permit) to join it although he was willing to do his bit to rid the world of 6. ________________ (pollute) and to help people enjoy a better earth.When he was wondering how to change this embarrassing situation, he got 7. ________________ (inspire) from his wife’s words.Yes, he should try his best to win the election and become chairman himself

with

his

8. ________________ (determine) to work for the organization. “My dear, you are really a wonderful 9. ____________ (help)! I’m sure I will be the 10. ___________ (win) of the election.” He said to his wife excitedly.

B

It was really a hard time when Li Ping first

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came to so

the United

his

States.His wife

gave

1. 2.

________________ (earn) could hardly cover the expenses,

when

________________ (bear) to their second daughter, they could not afford enough nutrition food.Soon, poor nutrition caused the 3. ________________ (die) of the poor baby.4. ________________ (lonely) was another problem because they had no 5. ________________ (relate) or friends there.Thanks to his 6. ________________ (brave)

and

7.

________________ (persevere), he managed to gain the 8. ________________ (citizen) of the United States and in the end he had his permanent 9. ________________ (settle). He always tells his children like this: Perseverance leads to 10. ________________ (happy) and success.

二、形容词后缀1．常见形容词后缀

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(1)名词＋-al→形容词(表示 “有……属性”， “与……有关”)

agriculture n．农业 agricultural adj.农业的

(2)动词＋-ive→形容词

decide v．决定；下决心 decisive adj.决定性的；关键的

(3)动词＋-able→形容词(表示“能够”，“适于”，“值得”)

change v．变化；兑换

changeable adj.易变的；变化无常的 (4)名词 ＋-ful→形容词

care n．小心；关心 careful adj.小心的；仔细的

(5)名词＋-less→形容词(意思与原名词相反) care n. 小心；关心 careless adj.粗心的 (6)名词＋-ly→形容词

friend n．朋友 friendly adj.友好的

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(7)名词＋-y→形容词

dirt n．污物；脏物 dirty adj.脏的 (8)名词＋-ous→形容词

danger n．危险 dangerous adj.危险的 2．复合形容词的构成

(1)形容词＋-ing分词 easy-going 随和的 (2)形容词＋名词＋-ed kind-hearted 善良的；好心的

(3)名词＋-ed分词 water-covered 被水覆盖的

(4)副词＋-ed分词 well-written 写得好的

(5)数词＋名词＋-ed three-legged 三条腿的

[针对训练]

Ⅰ.阅读下列句子，写出画线单词的意思 1．It feels like an unbelievable stroke of luck — of fate, really.(2012·四川高考阅读C)

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( )

2．The good working condition in this city is attractive.( )

3．You can rely on him because he is reliable.( )

4．Her words struck fear into her heart so that she was sleepless all night long, afraid of being

killed

unexpectedly

some

day.( )

5．It was a frosty cold morning when he set off

Ⅱ.语篇填空

A：用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文 Lucy likes talking and everybody says she is 1. ________________(communicate). She is 2. ________________(act) in

answering

the

teachers’ questions and from time to time her

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for the remote

village.( )

classmates find her answers quite 3. 4.

________________(impress) and

________________ (accept). Of course, not every student likes her, but she has many friends who think Lucy is a 5. ________________ (create) and 6. ________________ (help) girl.For example, she once led a 7. ________________ (home) child to her home and made the child her younger sister.Besides, she spent 8. ________________ (count) hours caring for a sick neighbor until she was well again.She is 9. ________________ (friend) to those who have difficulty with their subjects.All in all, Lucy is the most 10. ________________ (fame) girl in her school.

B：运用所学构词知识完成下列短文 Our journey was far-reaching amongst snow-covered/capped (雪封的) mountains where no ________________ (说英语的) people live.The local people are ________________ (相

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貌好看的), ________________ (随和的) and ________________ (勤劳的)．Our hostess was ________________ (年老的)，________________ (白发苍苍的) and ________________ (被太阳晒伤的). She gave me ________________ (自家做的) yaks milk cake, looking ________________ (自足的) as I enjoyed this rare treat although very

________________ (著名)

and

________________ (广泛流传) around here.I was

exhausted

when

I

fell

into

the

________________ (准备好了的) bed she prepared for me.

三、动词词缀

1．前缀-en＋形容词→动词

enrich v．丰富 enlarge v．变大；增大；扩大

2．形容词＋-en→动词

shorten v．缩短 widen v．加宽

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3．-fy结尾的动词

simplify v．简化 classify v．归类 4．-ize结尾的动词

realize v．认识到 popularize v．普及

[针对训练]

Ⅰ.阅读下列句子， 写出画线部分的意思 1．Extracurricular activities enable the students to know how to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks.( )

2. The two countries are trying their best to normalize_their_relationship. ( )

3.Some think that studying abroad can broaden_their_horizons.( )

4．You will horrify the baby if you speak too loudly.( )

Ⅱ.用所给单词的适当形式填空

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1．Try your best to ________________ (memory) these new words.

2．The question must be ________________ (simple) so that we can find out a solution to it.

3．It costs a lot of money if we plan to________________ (pure) the waste water. 4．He ________________ (quick) his steps to arrive home earlier.

5．You can ________________(large) your vocabulary if you keep on memorizing some new words every day.

四、否定词缀

1．表示否定意义的前缀

un- 不，非 unable不能够 unlucky 不幸的

dis- 不，非 dishonest不诚实的 discontinuous 不连贯的

in- 不，非 inactive不活跃的 incorrect

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不正确的

im- 不，非 impatient不耐烦的 impossible不可能的

ir- 不，非 irregular 不规则的 irresponsible不负责任的

il- 不，非 illogical 不合逻辑的 illegal 非法的

non- 不，非 nonexistent不存在的 nonstop 直达的；连续不断的

mis- 错误 mislead 误导 misunderstand 误解

dis-＋动词(意义相反) dislike不喜欢 disagree 不同意

un-＋动词(意义相反) uncover 揭开 undress 脱衣服

2．表示否定意义的后缀 名词＋-less→否定意义的形容词

use n. 用处；用途 useless adj.无用

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的

hope n. 希望 的；绝望的

home n．家 的

[针对训练]

Ⅰ.阅读下列短文，写出画线单词的意思 A 1.misconception was that the high temperature caused the big fire.However, Miss Wang knew it was not the true story.So she insisted that the government should make the truth known to the public.When Miss Wang knew that her appeal was 2.disallowed,_ she felt rather 3.disappointed.She decided to 4.disclose the truth: it was human errors that were to blame for the terrible disaster.She wanted to tell the public about the coldness of some officials.She believed that the truth must be 5.uncovered now. 15 / 23

hopeless adj.没有希望

homeless adj.无家可归

1．__________________________ 2.______ ___________________________________________ 4

．

____________________________

3.___

5._______ _____________________

Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)

The

speech

seemed

to

be

1.

________________ (stop) and the listeners became very 2. ________________ (patient). When the speaker said that oil was 3. ________________ (renew) and that the best way to solve the problem was not to make cars and buses to force people to go to work or school on foot, the audience thought it was 4. ________________ (practice)

and

5.

________________ (bear) to listen to him any longer.They 6. ________________ (believe) that the world would go smoothly without these

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modern transportations.They also thought that the

speaker

was

7. ________________ (responsible) to make such a statement without thinking it carefully and his speech would cause some 8. ________________ (understand)．So most of the listeners chose to leave, shouting loudly and angrily.

五、正确使用派生词

1．动词、介词、冠词、物主代词等词类后一般接名词或动名词。如果所给单词是其他词类， 就要将其改为名词， 并注意名词数的变化。

(1)Do you know the________________ (deep) of the river?

(2)His________________ (careful) resulted in the terrible accident.

(3)He is one of the ________________ (science) who support this theory.

2．动词、介词后一般接名词或动名词。所给单词为动词，就要看该动词是否有名词形式。

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如果有名词形式，就用其名词形式。如果该动词没有名词形式，就用其动名词形式。此外，如果所给动词有名词形式，就要看其后有无宾语。如果后有宾语，用动名词形式；后无宾语，则用名词形式。

(1)Please pay ________________ (attend) to your handwriting.

动词attend本身有名词形式attention, 所以不用动名词attending。

(2)His ________________ (arrive) made the situation worse.

动词arrive本身有名词形式arrival, 所以不用动名词arriving。

(3)The

teacher

was

angry

at

my

________________ (come) late. 动词come没有名词，所以用动名词coming。

(4)Thank you for your help (help)． Thank you for ________________ (help)

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me.

(5)I

was

happy

because

of

his

________________ (appreciate)．

I

was

happy

because

of

his

________________ (appreciate) my speech. 上面两组句子中，helping与appreciating后都带有宾语，故用动名词。help与appreciation后没有宾语，故用名词形式。

3．动词前后、形容词前后可有副词。如果所需词为副词时， 还要考虑副词级的变化。

(1)The boy ran ________________ (quick) to school.

(2)“What’s

that?”

Father

shouted

________________ (angry)．

(3)The little girl is ________________ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam.

(4)Your

composition

is

________________(bad) organized. Please do your writing exercise more ________________ 19 / 23

(attend) next time.

(5)You’re driving too fast. Can you drive a bit more ________________ (slow)? 4．名词前面一般可有形容词修饰语。如果所需词为形容词时， 还要考虑形容词级的变化。

(1) What’s the ________________ (width) river in the world?

(2)The ________________ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be.

[针对训练]

Ⅰ.用所给单词的适当形式填空

1．Mary was very ________________ at the news, so she looked ________________ at her husband,

her

eyes

full

of

________________.(sad) 2．He ________________ football very well and he was one of the best ________________ in yesterday’s football match.(play)

3．Look! How _____________Kate is

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laughing!

4

．

She To

seems our

to be the

_____________girl in the world.(happy) ________________,the headmaster was very ________________ with our report.(satisfy)

5

．

Edison

was

a

great

________________.During his life he had many ________________.(invent) 6．I should ________________ my task and make it ________________ to finish it.(simple) 7．The boy having the _____________ of being half starved ______________, never to be seen again.(appear)

8．The police ________________ the pot and ________________ President.(cover)

9．You are so ________________ to help me. Thank you for your ________________.(kindly) 10

a plot against the

．Everything

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is becoming

________________ than before and many college students had to work to make some money

for

their

college

________________.(expend) Ⅱ.语篇填空(用所给单词的适当形式完成下列短文)

A group of robbers dug their way into the basement of a bank in Paris and emptied almost 200 private 1. ________________ (safety)．

They entered the Credit Lyonnais branch using building 2. ________________ (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Saturday night.They tied up a 3. ________________ (secure) guard and spent the next nine hours robbing the bank.

One 4. ________________ (investigate) described the 5. ________________ (rob) as a “6. ________________ (profession) job”．The robbers came in at about 22：00 on Saturday and

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left at 7：00 on Sunday.They entered through the basements

of

the

7. ________________ (neighbour) building, digging through a series of tunnels and making a hole into a wall of 80cm thick to get into the bank, which was having building works at the time.

When they left, the robbers set the place on fire to 8. ________________ (move) any trace of evidence, switching on the anti-fire system and flooding the building.9. ________________ (fortune),

the

guard

escaped

10.

________________ (harm)．

It is difficult to estimate the total value of what was stolen as only the bank’s clients (储户) know the content of their private safes.

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