现代语言学练习

现代语言学练习

福师《现代语言学》练习题

Part I

I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)

1.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by _____.

A. Jacobson

B. Bloomfield

C. Saussure

D. Chomsky

2.That it is wrong to split an infinitive is an example of _____ rules.

A. prescriptive

B. descriptive

C. transformational

D. functional

3.Onecriteria of distinguishing different consonants is ______.

A. the height of tongue raising

B. manner of articulation

C. obstruction of airflow

D. total stopping of air

4.Which of the following sounds is described as “voiced bilabial

stop”?___________.

A. [b]

B. [z]

C. [g]

D. [l]

5.Which of the following words contains NO inflectional suffix?___________.

A. fastest

B. darken

C. easier

D. studies

6.Good: Bad is an example of _____.

A. gradableantonymy

B. relationalantonymy

C. complementary antonymy

D. complete antonymy

7.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion with a gun” ,the thematic role of “a

gun” is ______.

A. agent

B. patient

C. experiencer

D. instrument

8. In English, the part of speech of a compound word is usually determined by ___________.

A. the rightmost morpheme

B. the leftmost morpheme

C. bound morpheme

D. free morpheme

9. In terms of the place of articulation, the sounds [t], [s] and [n] share the feature of ________.

A. palatal

B. alveolar

C.bilabial

D. dental

10. The absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language is called _______.

A. aphasia

B. lexical gap

C. speech error

D. semantic field

II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.(10%, 1% each item)

( ) 1. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Quirk et al. is a synchronic study of language.

( ) 2.The word “in” is an open class word.

( ) 3. Chinese is a tone language.

( ) 4.The word “above” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [b] is the coda of the first syllable.

( ) 5.The semantic relationship between the two sentences “John’s son is an engineer” and “John has a son” is presupposition.

( ) 6. A syllable should contain at least one vowel.

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pared with its antonym small, the word big is a marked item.

( ) 8.The sentence“I’ll be back.”i s a directive.

( ) 9.The sentence “Boys are boys” violates the quantity maxim.

( ) 10.Ogden and Richards proposed the semantic triangle, arguing that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct, but mediated by concept. III. Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)

1.__________ is the study of meaning in use or in context.

2.The standardized and internationally accepted system for phonetic transcription is

___________.

3.In terms of semantic relationship,flower isa(n)________of lily.

4.In terms of grammatical case, he is a(n) ____________ case in the sentence “He

killed a lion.”

5.The branch of phonetics that studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view is

labeled _______ phonetics.

6.In second language acquisition, ________ refers to errors so internalized that no

amount of correction can undo.

7.The hypothesis that animals, including humans, are genetically programmed to

acquire certain kinds of knowledge and skill at specific times in life is called ________.

8.The area of the brain that is responsible for the comprehension of words and for

selection of words when producing language is ________.

9.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and determines

what we can think about is called_______.

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nguage exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language

at some point of time is called a ________ study of language.

IV. Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)

1.Maximal Onset Principle

2.McGurk effect

3.Input Hypothesis

4. Aphasia

V. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%, 20% each item)

1.Discuss your understanding about part of speech.

2.Draw tree structures to represent the words “unlockable”, “reusable”and

“unusable”, and explain their meanings.

Part II

I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)

1. ______ is formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so that the air in escaping makes a kind of hissing sound.

A. A plosive

B. A fricative

C.An affricate

D. glide

2. The vowel [i:] in [fi:d] is a ______ vowel.

A. close front unrounded

B. close back unrounded

C. open front rounded

D. close back rounded

3. ______ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.

A. Sematics

B. Pragmatics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Stylistics

4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ______.

A. performance

B. language acquisition

C. cultural transmission

D. competence

5. Of all the speech organs, the _____ is / are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

6. ______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.

A. A speech community

B. A race

C. A society

D. A country

7. ______ made the distinction between langue and parole.

A. Chormsky

B. Saussure

C. Sapir

D. Hall

8. Morphemes such as “-er”, “-en”, “dis-” and so forth are called ______

morphemes.

A. inflectional

B. derivational

C. free

D. bound

9. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.

A. form

B. structure

C. sound pattern

D. meaning

10. ______ are written identically but sound differently.

A. Homographs

B. Homohphones

C. Homonyms

D. Synonyms

II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False.(10%, 1% each item)

( )1.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.

( )2.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.

( )3.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, but sometimes prescriptive.

( )4.The classification of English consonants involves both manner of articulation and place of articulation.

( )5.Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.

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nguage is only linearly-structured.

( )7.Meaning is central to the study of communication.

( )8.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.

( )9.Sociolinguistics studies language in social contexts.

( )10. A synchronic study of language is a historical study.

III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)

1. ______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.

2. The consonant [f] can be described as ____________. \\

3. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other

morphemes to form words are called _______ morphemes

4. Two words that are “opposite” in meaning are called ______.

5. _________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

6. Modern English has a much weaker case marking system. Its sentences have to follow a basic

order of ______.

7. Application of the transformational rules yields ______ structure.

8. Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items. The

word that is more general in meaning is called _______.

9. while the meaning of a sentence is decontextualized, that of an _________ is

context-dependent.

10. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is

called the _______________ principle proposed by Grice.

IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)

1.consonant:

2.lingua franca

3.diachronic linguistics

4.pidgin

V. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)

1.What is the maxim of quality? Illustrate how speakers may flout this maxim to construct an

implicature.

2. Explain “synonymy”, “antonymy”, “polysemy,” and “hyponymy” with examples.

Part III

I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)

1.The statement“Double negation is incorrect.” is an example of _____ rules.

A. prescriptive

B. descriptive

C. transformational

D. functional

2.The distinction between linguistic competence and performance was proposed by

_____.

A. Jacobson

B. Bloomfield

C.

D. H. Hymes D. Chomsky

3.Consonants and vowels are distinguished by ______.

A. place of articulation

B. manner of articulation

C. obstruction of airflow

D. total stopping of air

4.Which of the following sounds is described as “voiced alveolar stop”?

A. [d]

B. [z]

C. [g]

D. [l]

5.Which of the following morphemes IS a bound morpheme?

A. ness

B. kiss

C. loss

D. boss

6.Which of the following words contains NO inflectional suffix?

A. fastest

B. chaos

C. easier

D. studies

7.Dead: alive is a pair of _____.

A. gradableantonymy

B. converse antonymy

C. complementary antonymy

D. complete antonymy

8.The relationship of hyponymy is between the more general term such as color and

the more specific instances of it such as red, blue and white. The general term color is called the ________.

A. hyponym

B. superordinate

C. co-hyponyms

D. synonym

9.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion.” the semantic role of “the hunter” is

______.

A. agent

B. patient

C. experiencer

D. instrument

10. Halliday distinguished three social variables that determine the register. _________ is not one of them.

A. field of discourse

B. tenor of discourse

C. mode of discourse

D. rule of discourse

II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (10%, 1% each item)

( ) 1.Historical linguistics is a diachronic study of language.

( ) 2.In the antonym pair old :young, old is the marked item.

( ) 3.“A nk”is a morpheme, because it appears in different words, such as tank, bank, rank.

( ) 4.The word “depend” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [p] is the coda of the first syllable.

( ) 5.The se mantic relationship between the two sentences “The president was assassinated” and “The president is dead” is presupposition.

( ) 6.The sentence“I’ll be back.”i s a commissive.

( ) 7.The word “book” is a closed-class word.

( ) 8.Affixes are always bound.

( ) 9.Thestructure of the word “unhelpfulness”can be analyzed as [un[[[helpful]ness]].

( ) 10.Both English and Chinese are typical tone languages.

III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)

11.The description of English vowels needsfour variables, i.e. the height of tongue

raising, the position of the highest part of the tongue, the length or tenseness

of the vowel and ________.

12.In IPA, there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is _______, the other

is narrow transcription.

13.Those morphemes that can appear on their own are called __________.

14._______ intonation signals certainty and completion of the speech.

15.If A is a kind of B, then in terms of semantic relation, B is a(n) _____ of A.

16.The utterance “I order you to leave the room.”performs a ________ speech act.

17.The pronoun “him” performs a _____ reference in sentence “She must be furious

with him when Mike said he was leaving her.”

18.The area of brain that is responsible for organizing articulatory patterns of

language and controlling use of inflectional and functionmorphemes is called _______ area.

19.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and determines

what we can think about is called_______.

20.In English, all rounded vowels are _______ vowels.

IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)

1.illocutionary act

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ponential analysis

3.Lingua Franca

4.Indirect speech act

V. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)

1.Are /lb?k/, /kn?st/ and /kr?st/ possible syllables in English? Why?

2.Discuss your understanding about Conversational implicature.

Part IV

I. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer for the following questions. (10%, 1% each item)

1. ______ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.

A. Regional

B. Social

C. Stylistic

D. Idiolectal

2. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under friction between tongue and ______

before passing through the teeth.

A. hard palate

B. uvula

C. alveolar ridge

D. soft palate

3. ______ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.

A. Phonology

B. Morphology

C. Lexicology

D. Phonetics

4. Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly ______, that is, it

describes and analyses language.

A. descriptive

B. prescriptive

C. synchronic

D. diachronic

5. The study of linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ______.

A. phonology

B. morphology

C. syntax

D. semantics

6. Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.

A. intonation

B. tone

C. pronunciation

D. voice

7. ______ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical

rules, used as a medium of communication.

A. Lingua franca

B. Creole

C. Pidgin

D. Standard language

8. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.

A. Linguistic geography

B. Applied linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Comparative linguistics

9. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______

and vocabulary.

A. structure

B. grammar

C. usage

D. pronunciation

10. A sound pronounced with the vocal cord vibrating is said to be a ______ sound.

A. resonant

B. voiceless

C. voiced

D. consonant

II. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (10%, 1% each item)

( )1.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.

( )2.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.

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nguage is entirely arbitrary.

( )4.English is a typical tone language.

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pounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.

( )6.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

( )7.Homophones are words which are identical in sound.

( )8.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language.

( )9. A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.

( )10.Some languages are superior to other languages.

III.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)

1. When the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lungs is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are described as _______________ sounds.

2. English has only _____________ inflectional morphemes.

3. The most important ways of word formation are compounding and ______________.

4. To explain the source of meaning, Ogden and Richard suggested a

___________ model to illustrate the view of meaning as concept.

5. All lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called ___________ Analysis.

6. Words that sound alike but are spelled differently and often have different meanings are called _____________, such as know and no.

7. _____________ is the study of language in relation to society; it studies how social factors influence the structure and use of language.

8. Putonghua(普通话) is the ___________ language in China; it has the highest status in China although it has no linguistic privilege.

9. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community, it becomes a(n) _____________.

10. The scientific study of ___________ errors, called slips of the tongue, can provide useful clues to the processes of language production.

IV.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)

1.Linguistic competence:

2.Psycholinguistics:

3.Polysemy:

4.Pragmatics:

V. Questions. (40%)

1. How does phonetics differ from phonology?

2. What is duality? What is the relationship between two levels of language?