法律英语考试题

翻译下文 一(25分)

No two legal systems,then,are exactly alike.Each is specific to its country or its jurisdiction. This does not mean,of course,that every legal system is entirely different from every other legal system.Not at all.When two countries are similair as well.no doubt the law of El Salvador is very much like the law of Honduras.The laws of Australia and New zealand are not that far apart..

Standing requires that the plaintiff in any case in federal court ba able to demonstrate that he or she has some “personal stake”in the outcome of the controversy.This stake requires that two things be shown(1)an actual or threatened “distinct and palpable injury”to the plaintiff(sometimes called “injury in fact”)and(2)a “fairly traceable causal connection between the claimded injury and the challenged conduct.”Standing is generally a problem only in cases seeking injunctive or declaratory relief,since a claim for damages alldeges a sufficient tangible injury caused by the defendants conduct. 二（25分）

Criminal law,branch of law that defines crimes,establishes punishments,and regulates the investigating and prosecution of people zccused of committing crimes. Criminal Law includes both substantive law,which is addressed in this article,and criminal procedure,which regulates the implementation and enforcement of substantive criminal law.

Crimes ate dicided into felonies and misdemesnors.The classification of each crime as a felony or a misdemeanor is determined by the sentencing portions of the criminal codes:felonies are usually crimes punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year,and minsdemeanors are called “high misdemeanors,”which are punishable by up to two years in jail.The distinctiong is between felonies and misdemeanor has an impact upon the nature of pre_trial procedure,as noted below. 三（30分）

The relief most commonly sought is money damages.Compesatory damages are intended to compensate the injured party for its loss. Punitive or exemplary damages are awarded beyond the actual loss and are intended to punish the wrongdoer and to deter similar conduct by others.The availability or punitice damages is limited by statute.

Tort law in the U.S.is largely common law. This means that courts have the power to shape and change the elements of claims and defenses of existing torts and the power to create new torts.Statytes have been passed,particularly in recent years,in attempts to “reform”the tort system,but most those have related to procedural matters and amounts and categories of damages.With a few exceptions,legislatures appear content to leave basic tort elements and defenses to the courts.