地理空间信息GEOSPATIAL INFORMATIONMay.,2019Vol.17,No.5长沙市高分辨率遥感影像辅助规划5 a
综合应用
赵莹莹1,龙洋洲1,杨志波1
(1.长沙市规划勘测设计研究院,湖南 长沙410007)
摘 要:高分辨率遥感影像以其现势、直观、易判读等优势在城乡规划管理工作中起着重要的基础保障作用。可将定期更新的高分辨率遥感影像数据及时地应用于规划执法、交通研究、生态保护等领域;同时由周期性的遥感数据及其专题应用成果累积形成的遥感综合应用大数据是城市变迁的历史见证,还可降低城乡规划管理工作成本,提升决策水平。关键词:高分辨率遥感影像;遥感应用;变化监测
中图分类号:P237 文献标志码:B
文章编号:1672-4623(2019)05-0005-05
高分辨率遥感影像以其现势、直观、精度可靠、易判读和可量测等优势,在城乡规划管理工作中的基础保障作用日益凸显,为城市规划建设提供了可靠的决策依据。利用高分辨率遥感影像可监测工程建设进程与土地利用变化情况,直观地了解水体、绿地覆盖与变迁情况;还可为长沙城市与经济建设以及社会发展提供各类方便、真实、现势的专题产品。为更好地利用高分辨率影像数据,长沙市城乡规划局和长沙市规划勘测设计研究院从2011年开始,每年定期开展高分辨率遥感影像的数据更新和综合应用,既对长沙各时期现状进行遥感影像成图,又深入挖掘遥感技术的潜在应用,提高了大数据的应用范围和投资回报率。
编制一本《长沙市区卫星影像地图集》,以展示遥感辅助规划工作的阶段性成果,以纸质形式直观、清晰、全面地表达近年来长沙市的规划建设成就和城市框架布局。
2生产流程
利用已有的基础地理信息数据对定期采集的4个波
段的原始卫星影像进行融合、纠正、镶嵌和裁剪,并制作正射影像成果;再进行建设用地变化监测、专题信息提取等工作,并完成各专项成果的制作,如图1所示。2.1 卫星影像数据更新
项目采用的卫星影像的地面分辨率为0.5~0.8 m,属于高分辨率卫星影像。与传统卫星影像数据制作正射影像图一样,高分辨率卫星影像数据的制作更新包括原始数据采集,全色数据与多光谱数据融合、纠正、镶嵌、分幅等步骤。由于长沙地区植被茂盛、全年常绿,为了便于专题信息的提取与成果的美观,项目 制作过程中额外对绿色波段进行了增强。影像与专题数据均需周期性更新(5 a甚至更久),空间定位严格一致是必须保证的前提,因此项目对影像实行了两次纠正,即利用自带RPC参数的粗纠正和利用大比例尺地形图的精纠正。
2.2 长沙市城乡规划动态遥感监测
长沙市城乡规划动态遥感监测作业流程主要分为系统开发和数据生产两个部分。
1)遥感影像规划执法监管信息系统是在EPS2008长沙专版平台上开发完成的,包括数据实体、数据专题、数据集群、数据空间4级架构,具有查询、量算、标注、统计、编码、窗口联动、生成监测结果报表等功能。
1工作思路
项目工作主要包括4个方面内容:①高分辨率影
像数据的定期采集与成图,周期约为4个月,即每年完成3期影像数据的制作更新,其影像成果也将作为辅助规划工作最基础的数据资料;②利用定期更新的遥感影像成果动态监测长沙城区的建设用地变化,包括系统建设和数据生产两部分,前者采用GIS技术整合基础地理信息、审批数据等内容,利用遥感影像判别搭建执法监控平台,实现手段先进、管理科学、违法预警的规划执法,后者根据相邻两期遥感影像成果,通过波段运算与人工甄别相结合的方式发现、管理、控制、处理违法违章建筑;③以高分辨率遥感影像为基础,定期编制长沙市道路、水体、绿地一张图,供规划、交通、园林、水务等部门开展设计管理工作,同时展现了城市建设与生态环境的发展变迁;④每2~3 a
收稿日期:2017-04-11。
·6·地理空间信息
倄䓔⢳䛳䯲䉰第17卷第5期
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2)长沙市违法违章建筑监测图斑是以不同时期的遥感影像成果为依据,首先生成单波段变化检测红图,并对单波段检测成果进行叠加;再通过自动监督分类提取变化范围的矢量图斑;最后利用已有的规划审批放线定位资料,人工对矢量图斑进行目视验证。该过程有效地保证了成果图斑的准确性、完整性和高效性。2.3 长沙市道路、水体、绿地一张图编制
长沙市道路、水体、绿地一张图编制分为数据采集模板定制、数据生产和属性录入等部分。
1)数据采集模板定制是根据数据采集要求,在清华山维EPS平台上进行道路、水体、绿地模板的功能设计与实现。模板定制是各专题要素一张图编制的基础。EPS模板文件是Access数据库文件,由一组信息表组成,提供了EPS与其他数据格式转换的环境。项目将设计的数据结构和属性内容固化到模板中,使数据采集、编辑、查询等工作都基于模板进行,保障了数据结构的一致性。在此基础上,根据交通、规划、园林和水务等部门对道路、水体、绿地要素的关注情况,对相关要素进行细化,在EPS2008长沙基础地理标准上进行相关要素代码的扩充。要素代码具体设计见表1。
根据规划设计和管理部门对各要素的信息需求,道路属性分为定位、规划和现状3大类,其中定位属性包括道路名称与起讫点;规划属性包括道路等级和规划红线宽度;现状属性包括道路长度、双向车道数、
表1 要素编码设计表
要素代码特征描述要素类型层 名颜色代码999950快速路线城市道路中心线1999951主干路线城市道路中心线2999952次干路线城市道路中心线3999953支路线城市道路中心线4999954内部路线城市道路中心线5999968匝道中心线线城市道路中心线35999970建筑中道路中心线线城市道路中心线25999955高速公路线公路中心线6999956国道线公路中心线7999957省道线公路中心线8999958县道线公路中心线9999959乡道线公路中心线11999967小路线公路中心线33999960道路边线线道路边线20999961人行道边线线人行道边线21999962人行天桥位置线人行天桥位置22999963立交桥边线线立交桥边线23999964桥线桥24999965隧道线隧道25999966建筑中道路边线线建筑中道路边线26999901绿地面绿地110
道路宽度、断面形式、中央分隔形式、左右主车道宽度、左右人行道宽度、左右绿化带宽度、左右隔离带宽度、中央隔离带宽度以及其他备注信息(如是否单行线等)。水体属性信息包括名称、类别、面积、周长、行政区归属、流域等。绿地属性信息包括面积、类别、行政区归属等。根据上述设计思路设计各要素属性表,以EPS2008地理信息工作站为基础平台,利用VBScript脚本语言进行二次开发,实现了长沙市道路、水体、绿地一张图专版的制作。
第17卷第5期赵莹莹等:长沙市高分辨率遥感影像辅助规划5 a综合应用·7·
2)基础路网数据编绘。基础路网数据包括边线和中线两类,其中道路边线是以最新的高分辨率遥感影像为基础,充分利用已有的道路竣工测量资料和数字地形图,配合适量的外业补测,最终编绘成图。其关键是要采用一致的空间定位基础,以保证多源异构数据的充分整合、完美叠加。在此基础上,即可采用自动提取与人工编绘相结合的方式完成道路中线的编绘。基础路网数据编绘完成后,还需利用断线、拓扑关系以及空间数据逻辑等检查与修复功能对编绘成果进行检查修复,使得成果数据图面清晰美观,逻辑合理。
3)水体、绿地图斑提取。在遥感影像图制作的色彩方案调整阶段,首先通过单波段色彩增强、多光谱数据多次融合和选区色彩调整等方法,突出水体和绿地颜色,增大与其他地物的颜色反差,进而增加计算机自动监督分类的准确性;再根据专家经验设定的阈值对分类图斑进行自动分割、合并、矢量化,得到水体与绿地图斑的矢量面。自动提取完成后,先根据不同特征区域的光谱反射特性设置相应的阈值对图斑进行进一步筛选,再利用地形图资料修正并改进图斑精度,然后通过人工目视判读的方式对面状图斑进行节点抽稀和图形简化,并对其正确性进行检查,最后对矢量图斑数据进行空间数据逻辑的自动检查修复。
4)属性数据的录入,即根据扩展属性表的属性项进行道路中线、水体和绿地图斑等要素属性信息数据的录入。
道路中线通过道路竣工图和地形图提取、外业实地调查、遥感图像目视判读和图面量测等相结合的方式采集录入。为满足交通规划部门对道路进行空间查询和拓扑分析的需要,还要保证中线在道路交叉口处
共点断开,以及路网图形数据与属性数据的连贯性和一致性。水体、绿地属性数据根据行政区划图以人工录入为主。行政区归属信息是根据用户管理要求编写的行政区属性数据库标准,将各行政分区用数字编码代替,并一一对应,属性录入时作业员仅需填写编码,即可在水体和绿地数据入库后根据编码自动映射其归属属性。面积和周长信息可从EPS2008平台直接提取,其他属性信息则来源于对口职能部门多年来的管理依据和实地调查资料。
5)属性表和统计表的输出。基于EPS2008软件平台进行二次开发,可直接在EPS2008中按照所需数据查询条件输出Microsoft Excel格式的要素属性表和要素统计表。
2.4 《长沙市区卫星影像地图集》编制
《长沙市区卫星影像地图集》编制包括图集设计、内容数据编制和制版印刷。
1)图集设计涉及信息点与艺术化设计、色彩设计以及符号设计等。
①规格与图廓设计。图集的规格是其适用性的关键,厚重则不利于使用,轻薄则不利于表达。图集的开本尺寸设计为335 mm×470 mm,内图廓尺寸设计为300 mm×440 mm,左右各边留空15 mm,天头留空25 mm,地脚留空10 mm,作外图廓装饰。②在内容方面,针对不同时期的图集,不仅做到遥感影像底图和地理信息数据的更新,还通过专题篇内容的变化,使图集更加丰富多彩,既全面展示又突出重点。例如,2011版图集专题篇的主题为“长沙交通”,包括长沙市交通区位图、市域交通图、中心城区综合交通影像图、“八桥三环两隧”影像图、轨道交通建设规划影像图、城区水运物流发展规划影像图等内容(图2);而2014版
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·8·地理空间信息第17卷第5期
图集的专题篇则以“长沙生态”为主题,包括山林、江河湖泊、湿地、洲岛、公园、历史文化资源分布等专题影像图等内容(图3)。③分幅设计包括区县影像图的分幅设计和放大影像图的分幅设计两部分,设计时需结合图廓设计情况,既要使地物清晰可见,又要
能较全面地展示成图区的城市建设情况。区县影像图主要展示该区的建成区现状风貌,一区(县)一图,比例尺可根据成图区域大小灵活选择;而放大影像图是以大量连续、规则分幅的形式将长沙市都市区现状逐一展示,成图比例尺与分幅规格均采用统一标准。
ȧ䪫⇅䯲喋❴喌Ȩ䲎哔哔䶡哔Ⱊ哔ҷン̿䷄ン㉎䘩̿䷄↋⇟⎂⇶̿䷄⎫̿䷄≞̿䷄̿䷄䉰⎼̿䷄䷺䆸图3 2014版图集内容框架
2)海量多源异构数据集成编制。为保证图集内容的准确性、一致性以及制作工期,两版图集在编制过程中均使用了大量的已有资料,包括制图区域的道路一张图、轨道交通规划线路资料、长沙市城市总体规划资料和生态规划资料、中心城区专题信息、行政界线、地名信息库、卫星遥感正射影像、DEM、DSM、制图区域最近期《年鉴》、旅游景点信息、目前已出版的专题地图等。在CorelDRAW平台,采用人工编绘与编制插件工具相结合的方式充分整合利用上述海量、多源、异构资料,编制成电子版图集文件。
3)制版印刷。图集的印刷采用108 g铜版纸,封面封底使用250 g铜版纸压纹,采用CTP工艺制版,海德堡四开照排机进行CMYK四色印刷,锁线胶装。
依据,力争通过该项目实现建设用地范围内不存违、不敢违;定期更新的道路一张图成果能满足市交通规划研究中心有关城乡交通发展战略研究、城乡交通规划编制、道路工程设计、交通年度报告等工作需要,为规划完善路网体系,有效缓解交通压力,进一步提高城市化水平提供了科学的数据依托;水体一张图和绿地一张图可帮助水利、园林和规划等管理部门快速有效地进行水体、绿地基本信息查询、分析、统计、制表等工作,是保护生态风貌、制定水体与绿地自然风貌管控措施的有效凭证,还有利于解决郊区推山建房、填水建厂的问题,为水体、绿地保护办法提供有力支撑;2011版和2014版《长沙市区卫星影像地图集》分别以交通规划和绿色生态为主题,凸显了长沙市作为我国中部地区重要综合交通枢纽的地位,彰显了湖湘文化,突出了山水洲城的交相辉映,兼备科学性、实用性和艺术性,将城市结构布局真实、全面地展示给所有读者,以全新的方式展现了长沙市现代化建设取得的辉煌成就,为城市规划建设管理提供了翔实的现状影像图参考资料,为人们休闲旅游提供了出行指南,更成为社会各界快捷、直观了解长沙深厚文化底蕴的展示窗口。
上述动态监测遥感影像的二代产品经过5 a多的应用实践,已成为其他规划管理建设项目的基础数据,又衍生出了第三代专题产品,广泛应用于相关行业中(图4)。
3项目成果与应用
2011~2016年高分辨率遥感影像数据完成了13期
更新,其核心产品为周期性、高精度、色彩逼真美观的卫星遥感影像图,这既是长沙市规划设计管理与市政建设不可或缺的基础地理信息资料,也是其他专题遥感应用的数据之源。
同时,高分辨率遥感影像辅助规划综合应用还包括周期性的建设用地动态监测成果、道路一张图、水体一张图、绿地一张图、卫星影像地图集印刷品等衍生产品。其中,长沙市建设用地动态监测成果为规划执法部门提供了范围广、准确率高、时效性强的执法
第17卷第5期赵莹莹等:长沙市高分辨率遥感影像辅助规划5 a综合应用·9·
倄䓔⢳䖑㻰⯽≷䕿䌛̬Ⅰ㈧̬㐫̬䯲䔉「ぽ䛻҈㐕㔯ͷ̬䔉哔䔉҈䉰啢⮪䔉啣㵸䉰ϐ䕆Ὅ⎼㻰ネ⤲̬々⎫ԉ㏫Ⅰԉ㏫㻰㨉㏫⮰ネ⤲Ⅰԉԉ㏫㐫ԉ㏫ԍネ⤲㈧㐋㐫哔⿃͆ѹ䄎Ӊϐ䕆⍤ć图4 高分辨率影像辅助规划应用领域示意图
4结 语
无论是高分辨率遥感影像图制作,还是各专题要素一张图编制,亦或是监测、图集等其他遥感影像产品的生产应用,完成一次或几次并不困难,而长沙市高分辨率遥感影像辅助规划5 a综合应用项目的难得之处就在于以4个月一次的高频率进行更新,且已坚持5 a,还将继续坚持下去。偶尔制作一次的影像图仅是一幅挂在墙上的写真,而定期更新的遥感影像图联在一起才是一部见证城乡历史变迁的动画。项目正因为有了“定期更新”这一核心理念,才凸显了“快”、“深”、“大”3个特点:“快”,以“现势资料、现势应用”为目标思路,将卫星影像采集、制作更新、专题应用等环节层层推进,最大程度地保障了数据的现势性;“深”,以遥感影像为载体,开发了多个常态专题应用,融合了技术创新、开发创新、生产人员合作创新等流程工艺,在城乡规划、交通规划、林业规划、水体规划等方面取得了实际应用,真正发挥了影像的最大价值,实现了一次投资、更多回报;“大”,连年多次的遥感影像和专题应用成果累积形成了大量的各时期、各专题的存档资料,遥感辅助规划的大数据正在逐步形
成,这些大数据的获取、聚集、应用、分析见证了城市的变迁,使长沙城的一切变化都有据可查,在不久的将来势必会成为城乡规划工作提升管理和决策水平、降低规划管理成本的可靠方法和有效途径。
参考文献
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望[J]. 遥感信息, 2011(1):119-123第一作者简介:赵莹莹,高级工程师,主要从事RS、摄影测量、GIS、城市三维仿真等方面的技术与管理工作。
·IV·GEOSPATIAL INFORMATIONIndex(Vol.17,No.5)
Application of the Batch Preprocessing for GF-2 Satellite Images Abstractby BAO Yingof Ningbo City as data resource, based on the preprocessing flows of In this study, taking GF-2 satellite images in the planning area orthorectification-fusion and atmospheric correction, we realized the batch preprocessing in the study area. The results indicate that the batch pre-processing results can meet the needs of 1and obtain typical object reflectivity information, which can provide a basis ∶10 000 orthoimage production for remote sensing applications in Ningbo City.
Key words (Page:1) GF-2, orthorectification, atmospheric correction, batch processingPlanning Comprehensive Application for Five Years in Changsha City Based on High-resolution Remote Sensing ImageAbstract by ZHAO Yingyingrealities, intuitive and easy interpretation, play an important infrastructure High-resolution remote sensing images, with the advantages of assurance role in urban and rural planning management. We can applied the regularly updated high-resolution remote sensing images in the planning law enforcement, transportation research, ecological protection and other fields timely. At the same time, the remote sensing comprehensive application big data formed by the accumulation of periodic remote sensing data and thematic application results are the historical witness of urban changes, which can reduce the urban and rural planning management cost and improve the decision-making level.
Key words change monitoring high-resolution remote sensing image, remote sensing application, (Page:5)
Object-oriented Urban Water Body Extraction Based on Sentinel-2 Satellite ImageryAbstract by JIANG Dandaninstrument (MSI) imagery, we put forward a object-oriented urban water body In this paper, based on the newly launched Sentinel-2 multi-spectral extraction method. Firstly, we utilized four Near-Infra-Red (NIR) bands in 10 m resolution as a high-resolution image to sharpen the 20 m Short-Wavelength Infrared (SWIR) band after atmospheric correction. Then, we used the multi-resolution segmentation algorithm to segment the combined images, and established the knowledge rule sets through the analysis of spectral and spatial information of image objects. Finally, we realized the semi-automatic extraction of water body by adjusting the threshold manually. We chose two study areas with different characteristics, and the total accuracies were above 95% and Kappa values were more than 0.75. The experiment results indicate that the proposed method has a better performance and higher accuracy in urban center region than suburbs.Key words Sentinel-2, object-oriented analysis, water body extraction (Page:10)Optimization Method of Public Bicycle Allocation in WAbstractuhan City by to analyze the current status of Wuhan City public bicycle allocation at first. It In this paper, we used the gravity accessibility model and the Huff model YUAN Ruiwas found that the densely distributed regional accessibility in the central area of Wuhan downtown were better with the accessibility of 10%~30%, remote region with sparsely-distributed or almost no sites had poor accessibility below 10%. In view of the unbalanced public bicycle allocation in Wuhan City, we proposed and verified a site selection plan for the new site. The results show that the availability of all sites up to 43% averagely, and the average number of bicycle in the area under 1 000 m increases more than 10%. This study can provide a certain reference for the location and layout optimization of public service facilities.Key words gravity accessibility, ArcGIS, layout optimization (Page:14)Research on Spatio-temporal Changes of Soil Erosion in Shichuan River WatershedAbstractregion in the Loess Plateau, taking Shichuan River watershed as the study area, In order to explore the erosion changes in high vegetation cover by YANG Bowe used RUSLE model in conjunction with RS and GIS to estimate the soil erosion modulus from 2000 to 2013, and analyzed the spatio-temporal change characteristics of soil erosion under different vegetation cover conditions and different land use types. The results show that related to the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity, topography and land use ①soil erosion intensity is closely pattern. Grain Project. The area of forest land increased from 19.45% to 33.20%, while the ②The land use types change obviously in the watershed after Green for grassland decreased from 24.51% to 12.48%, the cultivated land decreased from 51.44% to 48.37%. 2
to 806.12 t/(km2③The soil erosion modulus decreased from 1 473.7 t/(km·a) land use is forestland, grassland and cultivated land. So Green for Grain Project ·a). The descending order of soil erosion intensity in different has already obtained obvious benefit of water and soil conservation. The soil erosion intensity of Shichuan River watershed can stand for the similar rainfall and topography area, and the soil loss similar region has still has room for further reductionKey words soil erosion, RUSLE model, GIS, Shichuan River watershed (Page:19)Geolocation Accuracy Validation of Meteorological Satellite Data Based on GPS
by AbstractSUN Zhigui
geometric accuracy of the FY-3B MERSI based on the time series images. T In this paper, we presented a method for validating and evaluating the
artificial infrastructures in the Tianjin Bay which were reclaimed land from sea in
aking the
recent years as the references, we validated the geometric accuracy errors of the time
series FY-3B MERSI 250 m images, and then analyzed the geometric accuracy. The
results show that there is a large geometric error still existing in the FY-3B MERSI
data and the preset goal of the geometric accuracy error at 1 pixel or sub pixel level is not actually achieved. The geometric accuracy error in latitude is much larger than that in longitude. The general geometric accuracy error for latitude is around -2 to -9 pixels, while for longitude it is around ±3 pixels. Along with the time elapsing, the geometric accuracy error for longitude is increasing towards east from west direction, while for the latitude is moving northward and becoming larger. Within the zenith angle range of 30°, no trend shows that the geometric accuracy error for longitude is changing as the increasing of the zenith angle, while the geometric accuracy error for latitude is becoming smaller but with the increasing amplitude as the increasing of the zenith angle. The proposed method is practically useful for investigating the existing problems in the geometric model of FY-3B MERSI.
Key words calibration and validation meteorological satellite, GPS, geometric correction, error analysis, (Page:23)
Design and Implementation of the Mineral Resource Survey Evaluation System Based on WebGIS Abstract by and utilization of shallow geothermal energy, and have accumulated a large Several cities in our country have carried out the resource development TU Yuedongnumber of geothermal energy scientific data, but most of the data stored in the form of tables, drawings, which is difficult to carry out the follow-up professional analysis. On the basis of this, taking the shallow geothermal energy in Shanghai for example, we used WebGIS technology to design and implement a mineral resource survey and analysis evaluation system, which set information collection, storage, maintenance, analysis, management in one, and had wide public participation. This system contains six function modules, such as the resource distribution module, the network module, the development and utilization
module, the news dynamic module, WebGIS module and operations management module. The system can realize the interaction of public access to government network professional processing in a unified platform, display maps of the shallow geothermal energy scientific data, query graphics-attribute data, and network publish mineral resources. This system is beneficial to peer resource sharing and communication, improve public awareness of the shallow geothermal energy development and utilization value, and popularize scientific knowledge of green
energy.Key words (Page:27) mineral resource survey, analysis evaluation system, WebGISResearch on Data Processing Technology of Emergency Surveying and Mapping Based on Pix4DmapperAbstract by ZHOU Naien maximumly, the rapid and high precision data processing has become a hot topic. In order to meet the requirements of emergency response to the urgency In this paper, taking Pix4Dmapper software as a platform, we used different
processing modes to complete the aerial data orthographic image production of
Ningxia Zhongwei Northwest Industrial Park, and analyzed and evaluated their accuracy and efficiency. The experimental results show that according to the relative aerial height design of 2 000 m and 1 000 m, the processing efficiency and accuracy of the imaging data can meet the timeliness requirements of emergency surveying and mapping, which can provide first-hand result information for national or local emergency surveying and mapping command decision and data services safeguard.Key words timeliness (Page:32) Pix4Dmapper, high precision mode, fast mode, without GCP, Spatial Difference Between the High Density Population Aggregation Area and Urban Built-up Area Abstractby ZHANG Dongjie
aggregation (AHPA), based on the population density and population size at first. In this paper, we extracted the area with high density population
Then, we used the overlay analysis and gravity center and standard deviational ellipse method to analyze the spatial differences between the AHPA and urban built-up area (UA) in China from 2000 to 2015. The results show that overlap rate between AHPA and UA in China from 2000 to 2015 is less than ①the 30%, and it is common that population aggregates in non-urban construction land. better than that in inland areas, and in the southern coastal region the AHPA not ②The coordination of population aggregation and UA in coastal areas is accompanying with UA is widely distributed. and UA is both north-south, and the UA area are larger than the AHPA area in ③The dominant direction of AHPA the north, while the opposite in the south. Overall, their spatial distribution tends to be consistent. This study can provide a reference for coordinating the rational
allocation of population and land resource, and provide a decision-making basis
for population, land and economic urbanization in the future.Key words standard deviational ellipse AHPA, UA, spatial difference, overlay analysis, gravity center, (Page:36)Research on Common Building Area Apportionment Method of East Tower
Real Estate Surveying and MappingAbstract by
WEN KejiTower, combining with the working experience in real estate surveying and Based on the real estate surveying and mapping of Guangzhou East mapping for many years, referring to the technical provisions for the common building area apportionment of the national standard and the Guangzhou landmark, we studied a scientific and rational common building area apportionment method.Key words apportionment method real estate surveying and mapping, common building area, (Page:41)
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