TPO11-2 Orientation and Navigation
1. Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1? 从第1段中关于鸟的迁移能够推断出以下哪一项?
Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.
鸟会选择最直接的迁徙路线达到它们新的栖息地。(没提到迁徙路线是否直接) The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.
迁徙的目的是去加入更大的鸟群。(倒数第2句提到为什么它们迁徙,但只是说这个问题不像它们如何发现道路一样重要,因此推断不出此结论)
Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south. 鸟的迁徙一般包括在北方和南方来回搬迁。
The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.
鸟的迁徙的目的地能一年又一年地发生变化。(根据第3句的fly to specific places和come back to the same tree可知,鸟的目的地是固定的)
解析:推断题。以”migration”为关键词,定位出题句为1、2两句,即知更鸟春天和冬天在南北之间迁徙,因此选C,A没提到,B推断不出,D表述错误。
2. The word perplexed(使困惑) in the passage is closest in meaning to defeated 打败 interested感兴趣 puzzled 迷惑 occupied 占据
解析:词汇题,动词。原句说这个问题怎么样了人们许多年,知道科学家GK提供答案并提出问题,A、D说不通,根据“until”这个时间壮语可知此处应选answer的反义词,B不合适,选C。
3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.实验揭示了关在笼子里的八哥表现出方向感的缺乏和不安的活动。(遗漏信息,只有在天气阴沉的时候才会这样)
Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route. 实验揭示了关在笼子里的八哥不能将它们自己定向在它们通常迁徙的路线的方向上。(改变了原句的意思,原句说只有天气不好的时候才这样,一般是在正常路线上的)
Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction. 实验揭示了关在笼子里的八哥的不安的活动没有清晰的方向。(遗漏信息,同A)
Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast. 实验揭示了关在笼子里的八哥的方向是精确的,除非天气是阴霾的。
解析:句子转换题。原句讲GK将八哥关在笼子里作实验,并发现其方向是正常的,除非天气阴沉的时候。选D ,A、C遗漏了原句信息,B改变了原句意思。
4. The word preposterous(荒谬的) in the passage is closest in meaning to unbelievable 令人难以置信的 inadequate 不足的 limited有限的
creative有创造性的
解析:词汇题,形容词。原句说那是这一观点似乎怎么样,下一句说能在我们拿着地图还会迷路,一只鸟怎么能根据太阳确定方向?表示对这一观点的难以置信,而不是不足或者有限,选A。
5. According to paragraph 3, why did Kramer use mirrors to change the apparent position of the Sun? 根据第3段,Kramer为什么使用镜子去改变太阳的明显位置? To test the effect of light on the birds' restlessness
为了测试光对鸟的焦躁的影响(不是对焦躁的影响,而是对确定方向的影响) To test whether birds were using the Sun to navigate 为了测试鸟是否在利用太阳导航
To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route为了模仿鸟顺着它们常规的迁徙路线会遇到的光的变化(不是模仿光的变化,而是阻挡太阳光,改变其明显位置) To cause the birds to migrate at a different time than they would in the wild
为了致使鸟们在不同于它们在野外(迁徙)的时间迁徙(是为了验证观点,而不是去改变其迁徙时间) 解析:细节题。以”mirror”和人名为关键词,定位出题句为第5句,即GK这样做是为了验证他的观点,其观点在第4句,即鸟根据太阳的位置确定方向。选B,A、B、D表述都不正确。
6. According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless? 根据第3段,装进笼子里的八哥什么时候变得不安?
When the weather is overcast 当天气是阴天的时候(第3句,阴天只是让它们焦躁的活动缺乏方向,而不是导致它们焦躁的原因和时间)
When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route 当它们不能识别它们通常的迁徙路线的时候(同A)
When their normal time for migration arrives当它们迁徙的正常时间到来的时候
When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun 当镜子被用来改变太阳的明显位置的时候(没提到)
解析:细节题。以“restless”为关键词,定位到第1句和第3句,第一句说鸟在它们通常开始在野外迁徙的时候变得不安,因此选C。注意此题容易误选A,但原文说overcast的时候鸟的migratory orientation就没方向,跟restless无关。
7. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer s reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty? 从第4段关于Kramer填满一个食盒而让剩下的空着的原因中能够推断出来以下哪一项?
He believed the birds would eat food from only one box. 他认为鸟只会从一只盒子里吃食物。(没提到)
He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the box with food. 他想要看看是否只有太阳控制鸟导向有食物的盒子的能力。
He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route.
他认为如果所有的盒子都包含食物,这将会使鸟从遵循它们的迁徙路线上转移。(没提到) He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.
他需要测试这些鸟是否喜欢吃在罗盘任何特定角度的食物。(不是是否喜欢吃,而是怎么找到在固定点的食盒)
解析:推断题。对试验目的的推断,根据这一段开始的“so”可知,这一实验是对上一段(即第3段)结论的进一步证明,第3段的结论为其倒数第3句话,即鸟利用太阳确定方向,因此第4段试验的目的为B。
8. According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible? 根据第5段,当真正的太阳看得见的时候,鸟怎么飞? They kept the direction of their flight constant. 它们保持它们的飞行方向不变。
They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
它们以15度/小时的速度改变它们的飞行方向。(根据第2句可知,这是鸟面对人造太阳的现象) They kept flying toward the Sun.
它们持续朝太阳飞。(是根据太阳确定方向,而不是朝太阳飞)
They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun
它们在与看着人造太阳的鸟相同的方向上飞。(根据第2句和第4句可知,二者是不同的,一个保持不变,一个以15度角每小时的速度变化)
解析:细节题。以“visible”为关键词,定位出题句为倒数第3句,即鸟保持方向不变,选A。c虽然说了飞行方向不变,但没说朝着太阳飞,所以错。
9. The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because
第5段中描述的实验致使Kramer得出结论,即鸟拥有生物钟,因为
when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky当鸟在飞行的时候,它们能够对天空中的太阳变化的位置作出弥补
birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Suns direction 鸟先天的机制保持它们定向在太阳的方向的15度(角)以内的方向上(根据第2句可知,这是面对假太阳的情况) birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun鸟的迁徙由诸如太阳的位置这样的自然环境线索引起。(实验研究的是鸟确定方向与自然环境的关系,而不是鸟迁徙的原因) birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible or not 不管太阳可见与否,鸟以15度/小时的速度改变它们的方向。(同B)
解析:细节题。以“biological clock”为关键词,定位到最后一句,题目问原因,答案在其前一句,即鸟能对太阳的运动作出弥补。选A。
10. According to paragraph 6, how did the birds navigate in the planetarium's nighttime environment? 根据第6段,鸟在天文馆夜间的环境中如何飞行? By waiting for the dome to stop rotating
通过等待圆屋顶停止旋转(根据倒数第2句,圆屋顶旋转时,鸟相应改变方向,而不是等待停止) By their position on the planetarium floor 通过它们在天文馆地板上的位置(没提到地板) By orienting themselves to the stars in the artificial night sky 通过将它们定向在人造的夜空中的星星的方向上
By navigating randomly until they found the correct orientation 通过随意飞行直到它们发现正确的方向(没提到这种飞行方式)
解析:细节题。以“how”和“navigate”为关键词,定位出题句为最后一句, 即鸟通过星星确定方向,选C。
11. Which of the following best describes the author's presentation of information in the passage? 以下哪一项最好地描述了作者在文章中对信息的陈述?
A number of experiments are described to support the idea that birds use the Sun and the night sky to navigate.
许多实验被描述来支持鸟利用太阳和夜空来飞行这一观点。
The author uses logic to show that the biological clock in birds is inaccurate.
作者运用逻辑去显示鸟身体里的生物钟是不精确的。(倒数第3段,说鸟的生物钟是相当精确的) A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented. 一个有组织的关于内部与外部的线索相对的重要性的论据被呈现。(全文主要讲外部线索)
The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments. 关于鸟的迁徙的相反观点通过对比实验研究被澄清。(没有提出相反观点)
解析:文章总结题。对文章组织结构的总结。文章针对鸟在飞行中确定方向与自然环境的关系,提出3种肯定这种关系的假设和4个实验,并得出相关结论,选A。
12. The word accumulating(累积的) in the passage is closest in meaning to new 新的
increasing 越来越多的 convincing 有说服力的 extensive 广泛的
解析:词汇题。形容词。原句说由什么样的证据证明鸟根据环境线索飞行,下一句说还有其他领域有待研究,因此A、D不合适,第3句说这一观点也有矛盾,因此不可能是C。选B,前文已经提到一系列的实验证据,这里是一句总结。
13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass. 他将食盒安排在罗盘的各种位置。 Where would the sentence best fit?
解析:句子插入题。插入句的主语是”he”, 只有A前面这一句提到Karmer这个人,选A。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate. Gustave Kramer进行了与鸟确定方向和飞行的能力有关的重要研究。
Because caged birds become disoriented when the sky is overcast, Kramer hypothesized that birds orient themselves according to the Sun's position.
因为当天空阴霾的时候,装在笼子里的鸟变得没有方向,Kramer猜想鸟根据太阳的位置为它们自己确定方向。(第3段实验前的假设、实验目的及结论)
In one set of experiments, Kramer placed the box containing food at the same point of the compass each time he put food boxes in the birds’ environment.
在一组实验中,每次Kramer在鸟窝中放置食盒的时候,他把装着食物的盒子放在罗盘的同一点。(细节句,并且表述有误,不是放在鸟窝中,而是放在笼子周围)
Kramer demonstrated that an internal biological clock allows starlings to compensate for the Sun's movement. Kramer证明内部的生物钟允许八哥为太阳的移动做弥补。(第5段中的实验得出的结论)
After several studies, Kramer surmised that an internal biological clock allows some species of birds to navigate at night. 在几次研究之后,Kramer总结道内部的生物钟允许一些鸟类夜晚飞行。(第6段内容,但结论有误,不是生物钟而是星星)
The role of environmental cues in birds' navigation is clear, for on overcast days, birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves. 环境线索在鸟的飞行中的角色是清楚的,因为在阴天,鸟利用太阳旁边的物体去为它们自己确定方向。(第3段细节,表述有误,阴天时鸟没有明确方向) Kramer showed that night-migrating birds use the sky to navigate by the stars.
Kramer指出夜晚迁徙的鸟通过星星利用天空去飞行。(第6段中的实验得出的结论)
解析:文章总结题。对全文主旨的总结。B、E都是细节,且表述错误,D属于结论,但表述与原文不符。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容