英国文学选读 Poems: Hamlet (Act 3, Scene 1, lines 55-86)
生存或毁灭, 这是个必答之问题 是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,
还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌, 并将其克服。死即睡眠, 它不过如此! 倘若一眠能了结心灵之苦楚与肉体之百患, 那么, 此结局是可盼的! 死去, 睡去...
但在睡眠中可能有梦, 啊, 这就是个阻碍: 当我们摆脱了此垂死之皮囊,
在死之长眠中会有何梦来临? 它令我们踌躇, 使我们心甘情愿的承受长年之灾, 否则谁肯容忍人间之百般折磨, 如暴君之政、骄者之傲 失恋之痛、法章之慢 贪官之侮、或庸民之辱
假如他能简单的一刃了之? 还有谁会肯去做牛做马, 终生疲於操劳 默默的忍受其苦其难, 而不远走高飞, 飘於渺茫之境 倘若他不是因恐惧身後之事而使他犹豫不前?
此境乃无人知晓之邦, 自古无返者
进入我们无法知晓的地域 所以,「理智」能使我们成为懦夫 而「顾虑」能使我们本来辉煌之心志变得黯然无光, 像个病夫 再之, 这些更能坏大事, 乱大谋, 使它们失 去魄力。
Hamlet P8
1. Why is sleep so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?
Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep. Death means the end of life, you may go to or unknown world and you can’t comeback. If he dies, Hamlet’s can't realize his will. Though “sleep” can end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks, it is a state of mind. Hamlet didn’t know at all. He is frightened by the possible suffering in the long “dream”. He can’t predict what will happen in the sleep, may be good may be evil. 2. Why would people rather bear all the sufferings of the world instead of choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?
Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories… Because people hold the same idea \"to grunt and sweat under a weary life, but that the dread of something after death-the undiscovered country, form whose bourn no traveler returns-puzzle the will, and make us rather bear those ills we have than fly to others that we know not of?” People also are frightened by the myths in another world after death.
3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.
Conscience and over-considerations. He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know how. He wants to kill his uncle, but finds it too risky. He lives
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in despair and wants to commit suicide. However, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma. They don’t know the result after their taking the action. Such as Hamlet, he doesn’t know what would happen if he kills his uncle or kills himself. So Hamlet was hesitated.
Sonnet 18 P15
我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？你不独比它可爱也比它温婉： 狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，夏天出赁的期限又未免太短： 天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽： 被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。 但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳， 或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。 只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。
1. How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line?
The poet opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, \"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?\" This question is comparing “thee” to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally considered as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days.
2. What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal? At the very beginning, the poet puts forth a question: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” Then he gives an answer: “Thou art lovelier and more temperate.” On the one hand, “Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer’s lease hath all too short a date;” on the other hand, “Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed.” So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer. In addition, “And every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmed.” Compared with immortal, “But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, nor shall death brag thou wand’ rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to times thou grow’st.” Therefore, the poet draws a conclusion: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee.” In this poem, the poet makes “thou” more beautiful than summer and immortal because of his beautiful lines. So in this case, “thou” in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or “thou” can be referred to male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting. Even “thou” can be abstract
“love” or “beauty” which will become eternal in the wonderful poem.
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莎士比亚诗歌的两个主题：时光不饶人，青春和美丽是短暂的；只有诗歌才有力量使美丽与爱情永存。(theme: 只有文学可与时间抗衡 )
Change, Fate, and Eternity
However much it might look he’s praising a beloved, this poet is definitely more concerned with tooting his own horn. Really, you could sum up the poem like this: \"Dear Beloved: You’re better than a summer’s day. But only because I can make you eternal by writing about you. Love, Shakespeare.\" That message is why images and symbols of time, decay, and eternity are all over this poem. Whether or not we think the beloved is actually made immortal (or just more immortal than the summer’s day) is up in the air, but it’s certainly what the speaker wants you to think.
Line 4: This is where the speaker starts pointing to how short summer feels. Using personification and metaphor, the speaker suggests that summer has taken out a lease on the weather, which must be returned at the end of the summer. Summer is treated like a home-renter, while the weather is treated like a real-estate property. Lines 7-8: These lines give us the problem (everything’s going to fade away) that the poet is going to work against.
Lines 9-12: These lines are full of all sorts of figurative language, all pointing to how the speaker is going to save the beloved from the fate of fading away. The beloved’s life is described in a metaphor as a \"summer,\" and then his or her beauty is described in another metaphor as a commodity than can be owned or owed. Death is then personified, as the overseer of the shade (a metaphor itself for an afterlife). Finally the \"lines to time\" are a metaphor for poetry, which will ultimately save the beloved, and \"eternal\" is a parallel with \"eternal summer\" in line 9.
Lines 13-14: What’s so interesting about these lines is that it’s hard to tell whether the speaker is using figurative language or not. Does he actually mean that the poem is alive, and that it will keep the beloved alive? Well, it depends what we mean by \"alive.\" If we read alive scientifically, as in breathing and thinking, well then alive is definitely a metaphor. But if we read it as describing a continued existence of some kind, well then maybe he does mean it literally, since surely the poem and the beloved exist for us in some sense.
Sonnet 18 deals with the conventional theme that natural beauty will surely be knocked out with the passing of time and that only art (poetry) can bring eternity to the one the poet loves and eulogizes.
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud P61 我好似一朵孤独的流云，高高地飘游在山谷之上， 突然我看见一大片鲜花，是金色的水仙遍地开放， 它们开在湖畔，开在树下，它们随风嬉舞，随风波荡。
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它们密集如银河的星星，像群星在闪烁一片晶莹， 它们沿着海湾向前伸展，通往远方仿佛无穷无尽； 一眼看去就有千朵万朵，万花摇首舞得多么高兴。 粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳，却不如这水仙舞得轻俏； 诗人遇见这快乐的旅伴，又怎能不感到欣喜雀跃； 我久久凝视－－却未领悟 这景象所给我的精神至宝。 后来多少次我郁郁独卧，感到百无聊赖心灵空漠； 这景象便在脑海中闪现，多少次安慰过我的寂寞； 我的心又随水仙跳起舞来，我的心又重新充满了欢乐。
1. What is the relation between the poet and nature as described in the poem?
Theme of Happiness\" I wandered lonely as a Cloud\" is a poem that just makes you feel good about life. It says that even when you are by yourself and lonely and missing your friends, you can use your imagination to fine new friends in the world around you. As John Milton famously wrote, \"The mind is its own place, and in itself, can make heaven of Hell, and a hell of Heaven.\" The speaker of this poem makes a heaven out of a windy day and a bunch of daffodils. His happiness does not last forever – he’s not that unrealistic – but the daffodils give him a little boost of joy whenever he needs it, like recharging his batteries. Theme of Spirituality The 19th century Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle coined the phrase \"natural supernaturalism,\" which has been used by later critics to describe how the Romantic poets, and especially Wordsworth, viewed the natural world as a spiritual realm. The idea is that Heaven comes down to earth and is viewed as part of the world. This poem illustrates the principle of natural supernaturalism. The daffodils are like angels and twinkling stars, and the \"bliss\" of heaven occurs in speaker’s imagination. He uses Christian ideas and images to make an ode to nature without any reference to God. 学习指导参考资料 完美WORD格式编辑 Theme of Memory and the Past \"I wandered lonely as a Cloud\" is almost like a simpler version of \" Tintern Abbey ,\" one of Wordsworth’s other most famous works. In both poems, the memory of beautiful things serves as a comfort to the speaker even after the experience of viewing them has ended. He can always draw on his imagination to reproduce the joy of the event and to remember the spiritual wisdom that it provided. In the case of \"I wandered lonely as a Cloud,\" we do not realize just how far in the future the speaker’s perspective is located until the fourth stanza, when he describes just how often the daffodils have comforted him. 2. Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind? I think nature can have healing effect on mind, but the precondition is that the nature should be peaceful and earthly. Let’s imagine a scene. At the very beginning, we felt a little sad. Then, we place ourselves at a peaceful and clean lake. We sit on the comfortable and green grass. There are several wild flowers on the grass. Some little birds are walking near us with chirp. We can breathe the smell of the earth. When we are watching it glistening in the sunshine, there may be a smile on our face again. Nobody will be not touched in this condition unless there is something wrong with his mind. It is just like a picture. Or it is just like a clean bracing and ethereal melody. We can close our eyes to listen to it without any distracting thoughts. It always can comfort our hearts, and we will not feel that desperate. Every time I feel not happy I will listen to a piece of piano music. That makes me good, all my fidgeting will go away from me. Sometimes I will reflect where the problem is. Peaceful music is just like the nature. Both they can give me a kind of feeling like mother. Do not be scared at all. Sometimes I suppose if the criminal can live in the nature and experience it, they will not do that evil. In another hand, those artists maybe can not create the works. As the author said, a host of golden daffodils beside the lake, beneath the trees, fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The memory made him excited and brought his lonely heart happiness. If a writer does not watch any beautiful scenery, I believe he or she can’t be a good writer. Peaceful nature is a place people can release themselves and remove the unhappiness. In this circumstance, the writer digs their inspiration. Yes, I think so. Some people may think that our nature has been highly polluted by our human beings. And it won’t have any effects on us. The others may think the nature has bad influence on our bodies because of the contamination. But I think nature must have a lot of healing effect on mind. As the development of the society, people may meet more and more difficulties, and it may lead to more stress. For example, when a person has worked for a long time, it is hard for him to do more. He would like to spend sometime travelling to somewhere. The place is 学习指导参考资料 完美WORD格式编辑 best to be beautiful, clean, comfortable, with clear sky and green grass. People can breathe the fresh air there. When he lies on the grass and watches the sky, he may forget all the stress on work. The only thing he can do is to enjoy the charming scenery and great nature. Nature also can affect people when they are ill especially serious disease. The patient may feel their life meaningless. At that time, their families will take them to a remote place. They may also let the patient have a pet. During the feeding period, the patient may feel that a life is so difficult to bring up. He will heal the spirit to live. Different people have different ideas. I can’t say that nature doesn’t have mischief, but in my opinion, its good effects are more. Ode to the West Wind P83西风颂 第一节 哦，狂暴的西风，秋之生命的呼吸！你无形，但枯死的落叶被你横扫， 有如鬼魅碰到了巫师，纷纷逃避：黄的，黑的，灰的，红得像患肺痨， 呵，重染疫疠的一群：西风呵，是你 以车驾把有翼的种子催送到 黑暗的冬床上，它们就躺在那里，像是墓中的死穴，冰冷，深藏，低贱， 直等到春天，你碧空的姊妹吹起她的喇叭，在沉睡的大地上响遍， 唤出嫩芽，像羊群一样，觅食空中）将色和香充满了山峰和平原。 不羁的精灵呵，你无处不远行；破坏者兼保护者：听吧，你且聆听！ 第二节 没入你的急流，当高空一片混乱，流云象大地的枯叶一样被撕扯 脱离天空和海洋的纠缠的枝干。成为雨和电的使者：它们飘落 在你的磅礴之气的蔚蓝的波面，有如狂女的飘扬的头发在闪烁， 从天穹的最遥远而模糊的边沿 直抵九霄的中天，到处都在摇曳 欲来雷雨的卷发，对濒死的一年 你唱出了葬歌，而这密集的黑夜 将成为它广大墓陵的一座圆顶，里面正有你的万钧之力的凝结； 那是你的浑然之气，从它会迸涌黑色的雨，冰雹和火焰：哦，你听！ 第三节 是你，你将蓝色的地中海唤醒，而它曾经昏睡了一整个夏天， 被澄澈水流的回旋催眠入梦，就在巴亚海湾的一个浮石岛边， 它梦见了古老的宫殿和楼阁在水天辉映的波影里抖颤， 而且都生满青苔、开满花朵，那芬芳真迷人欲醉！呵，为了给你 让一条路，大西洋的汹涌的浪波把自己向两边劈开，而深在渊底 那海洋中的花草和泥污的森林虽然枝叶扶疏，却没有精力； 听到你的声音，它们已吓得发青：一边颤栗，一边自动萎缩：哦，你听！ 第四节 哎，假如我是一片枯叶被你浮起，假如我是能和你飞跑的云雾， 是一个波浪，和你的威力同喘息，假如我分有你的脉搏，仅仅不如 学习指导参考资料 完美WORD格式编辑 你那么自由，哦，无法约束的生命！假如我能像在少年时，凌风而舞 便成了你的伴侣，悠游天空（因为呵，那时候，要想追你上云霄， 似乎并非梦幻），我就不致像如今这样焦躁地要和你争相祈祷。 哦，举起我吧，当我是水波、树叶、浮云！我跌在生活底荆棘上，我流血了！ 这被岁月的重轭所制服的生命原是和你一样：骄傲、轻捷而不驯。 第五节 把我当作你的竖琴吧，有如树林：尽管我的叶落了，那有什么关系！ 你巨大的合奏所振起的音乐将染有树林和我的深邃的秋意： 虽忧伤而甜蜜。呵，但愿你给予我狂暴的精神！奋勇者呵，让我们合一！ 请把我枯死的思想向世界吹落，让它像枯叶一样促成新的生命！ 哦，请听从这一篇符咒似的诗歌，就把我的话语，像是灰烬和火星 从还未熄灭的炉火向人间播散！让预言的喇叭通过我的嘴唇 把昏睡的大地唤醒吧！西风啊，如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗? Shelly 雪莱 Ode To The West Wind Shelley was an idealist and most of his nature poems are about the need for revolution and a desire to break the status quo. Ode to the West Wind is no different. Here Shelley sees the west wind as a symbol of revolution, of a new world order that would replace the old one. He identifies with the wind in that he knows that just as the west wind spells the arrival of the new year, similarly his poetic ideas will usher in a new world order and change the present world for the better. The poem has a note of despair when he says: 'I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed'but soon enough he gains his composure and towards the end he's filled with hope and optimism which is expressed beautifully in the last two lines:'When winter comes, can spring be far behind?' Ode to the West Wind Theme of Man and the Natural World In \"Ode to the West Wind,\" Nature is grander and more powerful than man can hope to be. The natural world is especially powerful because it contains elements like the West Wind and the Spring Wind, which can travel invisibly across the globe, affecting every cloud, leaf, and wave as they go. Man may be able to increase his status by allowing Nature to channel itself through him. 1. In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver? West wind is the destroyer as it is turbulent and strong and destroys the wide spread vegetation. It is a destroyer of the old, decaying and valueless things (such as dead leaves), blowing over the land, drives away the dead leaves. Shelly shows the irony of the wind that acts in a contradictory manner.(use and Describe the words that show the potential strength and use effective language)It is the preserver as it brings life to the dead atmosphere, it spreads the seeds and they lie two inches beneath the ground and eventually sprout into seedlings. 2. What is the relation between the West Wind and the poet? 学习指导参考资料 完美WORD格式编辑 In \"Ode to the West Wind,\" Nature is grander and more powerful than man can hope to be. The natural world is especially powerful because it contains elements like the West Wind and the Spring Wind, which can travel invisibly across the globe, affecting every cloud, leaf, and wave as they go. Man may be able to increase his status by allowing Nature to channel itself through him. The speaker of the poem appeals to the West Wind to infuse （ 灌输，影响） him with a new spirit and a new power to spread his ideas. 3. As “the trumpet of prophecy”, what does the west wind predict in physical reality? How do you understand it symbolically? As the speaker of \"Ode to the West Wind\" feels himself waning and decaying, he begs the wind to use him as an instrument, inhabit him, distribute his ideas, or prophesy through his mouth. He hopes to transform himself by uniting his own spirit with the larger \"Spirit\" of the West Wind and of Nature itself. The speaker wishes that the wind could affect him the way it does leaves and clouds and waves. Because it can’t, he asks the wind to play him like an instrument, bringing out his sadness in its own musical lament. Maybe the wind can even help him to send his ideas all over the world; even if they’re not powerful in their own right, his ideas might inspire others. The sad music that the wind will play on him will become a prophecy. The West Wind of autumn brings on a cold, barren period of winter, but isn’t winter always followed by a spring? John Keats: Ode on a Grecian Urn p85希腊古瓮颂 你，嫁给静寂的，童贞的新娘， 你，被静默和悠远收养的孩子， 林野的史家，擅长在画上宣扬 艳压诗篇的，繁花一般的传奇： 身上环绕的，绿叶缘饰的传说 讲述神还是凡人，或兼有两者？ 在腾佩，或怀抱溪谷的阿卡迪？ 什么人或神？少女竟如此难惹？ 多疯的追求？怎样挣扎的逃脱？ 什么笛子手鼓？多野性的狂喜？ 清歌闻之甚美，然而未听见的 更妙；婉转的笛子，请你吹吧 不是为感官的双耳，你要变得 更奇妙，为精神吹出无声的歌： 碧树下的美少年，你不会离开 你的歌，绿荫也不会抛开树木 莽撞的恋人，你永世都吻不上， 虽然万分接近——但不要悲哀， 她与衰老无缘，虽无艳福可享， 你却永坠爱河，如她芳华常驻！ 啊，喜悦层生的枝条！你不会 飘落绿叶，也不会向春天挥别； 而你，欢快的乐手，永不疲惫 永远在吹奏，永远新鲜的仙乐 更多欢畅的爱！更多幸福的爱！ 总是暖意融融，只等欢乐纵情 永远都在搏动，永远青春四射； 所有呼吸的人欲，都远远抛开 离开悲痛莫名的，厌烦的心灵， 高烧不退的额头，焦渴的唇舌。 是一群什么人，赶来参加祭献？ 对着天空鸣叫的，那头小母牛， 丝滑的腰身上，围着缤纷花环 噢，神秘的祭司，你把它牵走 要去哪座绿色祭坛？什么小镇 在河畔还是海滨，还是在山间 傍着幽静的山寨，为这乡俗里 敬神的早晨，腾出所有的人民？ 学习指导参考资料 完美WORD格式编辑 你的街道永远沉默，无人重返 就没人讲述，你为何如此孤寂。 噢，雅典的形体！情态的美妙！ 大理石的繁带，密布男女身上 还有佳木的枝叶，踏过的野草 你，沉默的塑形，像永恒一样 引我们超越思想：凉的田园诗！ 年华逝去，将催老我们这一辈， 你在别样的悲伤中，不曾代谢 一个人类的朋友，对我们感喟 “美是真，真也是美” 这就是 你知道，和你需要知道的一切。 Matthew Arnold: Dover beach p120多佛海滩 马修·阿诺德 今夜海面平静。 潮水涨满，明月高悬 海峡之上；对面法国海岸 灯光明灭；英格兰绝壁耸立； 远处的宁静海湾，闪烁、无边。 快来窗边，夜晚空气如蜜甜！ 唯一的是，从那长长的海浪线， 从那大海和月光漂洗的土地交会之地， 听啊！你听得见那嘎吱嘎吱的呐喊 那是海浪带着卵石退去，又抛起， 再次回来时，将其送上高地， 一来，一去，周而复始， 有张有驰，不慌不急，带来了 忧愁的永恒调子。 远古的索福克勒斯 曾在爱琴海将它听见，带给 他脑子的是人类不幸之污浊的 落落起起；我们 在这声音里也找到一个思想， 当在这遥远的北海岸边将它听见。 信仰之海 也曾一度涨满，围绕地球的海岸 如同一卷明丽的腰带伸展。 但如今我只能听见 它忧郁、绵长、退却的呐喊， 在后撤，和着夜风的 呼吸，撤下这个世界硕大阴沉的边缘 和赤裸的碎石滩。 啊，爱人，让我们彼此 忠诚坚贞！因为这个世界，它 像梦幻之地在我们面前摊开， 如此多样，如此美丽，如此崭新， 其实没有欢乐，没有爱情，也没有光明 Novels: Araby P177 2. Chief qualities of the boy’s character? The boy is a natural character with which to begin a book because he possesses so many qualities attractive to readers. First, he is sensitive — sensitive enough to experience a wide range of feelings in spite of his tender age, including apparently contradictory combinations like fear and longing (at the end of the story's first paragraph), anger and puzzlement (while falling asleep), and, especially, \"a sensation of freedom\" in response to his mentor's passing that surprises him and us. \"I found it strange,\" the narrator says, \"that neither I nor the day seemed in a mourning mood.\" Second , he is intelligent — and not merely in the conventional sense of the word. Sure, he is brainy enough to absorb much of the arcane information shared with him by the priest. (It makes sense that he has grown into the articulate storyteller who shares the tale of Father Flynn's influence upon him.) But the protagonist of \"The Sisters\" also possesses an intuitive understanding of how other human beings feel, think, and act — emotional intelligence, you might call it. It is no surprise that a boy so sensitive, so intelligent, would 学习指导参考资料 完美WORD格式编辑 find himself somewhat alienated from others — cut off, fundamentally, from his family and peers. He appears to lack altogether a connection with his uncle, much less Old Cotter, and it is said that he rarely plays \"with young lads of his own age.\" Even when he is in the company of his aunt and the priest's sisters near story's end, the reader's main sense of the boy is that he is alone. Unit 10 Great Expectation Character: Pip There are really two Pips in Great Expectations: Pip the narrator and Pip the character—the voice telling the story and the person acting it out. Dickens takes great care to distinguish the two Pips, imbuing the voice of Pip the narrator with perspective and maturity while also imparting how Pip the character feels about what is happening to him as it actually happens. This skillfully executed distinction is perhaps best observed early in the book, when Pip the character is a child; here, Pip the narrator gently pokes fun at his younger self, but also enables us to see and feel the story through his eyes…. 见前面 Theme Ambition and Self-Improvement: The moral theme of Great Expectations is quite simple: affection, loyalty, and conscience are more important than social advancement, wealth, and class. Crime, Guilt, and Innocence : The theme of crime, guilt, and innocence is explored throughout the novel largely through the characters of the convicts and the criminal lawyer Jaggers. Magwitch, for instance, frightens Pip at first simply because he is a convict, and Pip feels guilty for helping him because he is afraid of the police. By the end of the book, however, Pip has discovered Magwitch’s inner nobility, and is able to disregard his external status as a criminal. Prompted by his conscience, he helps Magwitch to evade the law and the police. As Pip has learned to trust his conscience and to value Magwitch’s inner character, he has replaced an external standard of value with an internal one. 学习指导参考资料 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容