by通常用来表示“通过，凭借”之意。它可以作为介词，也可以作为介词短语使用。
1. 作为介词：
By+动词ing：通过某种方式；例如：By working hard, we can achieve our goals.
By+doing sth：通过做某事；例如：He passed the exam by studying for several hours every day.
2. 作为介词短语：
By +名词/代词：通过某人或某物；例如：The success of the project was achieved by their team work.
By +时间：在某一时间前；例如：I had to finish the report by tomorrow.
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