论文doc

北京人文大学 本 科 生 毕 业 论 文

毕业论文题目

The differences of comparative analysis between the Chinese and western countries’ table manners and cultural

中西方国际的餐桌礼节与文化

的对比分析

姓 名： X X 指导老师： 王 院 系: 外 语 专业年级： 完成日期：2011年12月21日

Contents

Introduction................................................................................5 Chapter 1 Chinese table manners............................................5 1.1 Chinese eating custom.....................................................................5 1.2 eating habits.....................................................................................5 1.3 Chinese eating behavior...................................................................6 Chapter 2 western table manners.............................................6 2.1 brief introduction.............................................................................6 2.2 western food processes....................................................................7

2.3 The development of western table manners.....................................7

Chapter 3 the comparative analysis of Chinese and western table manners.............................................................................7 3.1 The course of the culture differences...............................................7 3.2 The comparison between Chinese and western etiquette.................8 3.3 The analysis between Chinese and western etiquette.......................8 Chapter 4 Conclusion..............................................................10

摘 要

本文通过对中国餐桌礼仪和西方餐桌礼仪进行比较，旨在更深了解餐桌礼仪，以便顺利的实现跨文化交际。文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。中西方文化存在许多差异，本文则着重介绍，分析比较中西方国家的餐桌礼节与文化，餐桌礼仪在各个国家的完整生活秩序中占有一个非常重要的地位，他们认为，用餐不单是满足基本生理需要的方法———也是头等重要的社交经验。为此，掌握某些餐饮规则的知识便显得特别重要了，无论你是主人，抑或只是一位客人，都必须掌握一些规则。了解中国、西方各国的文化礼节，并研究其形成的原因和进步，对我们自身素质的提高以及国家的发展都有着至关重要的作用。

关键词： 中西方；餐桌礼仪；文化差异；原因；发展

ABSTRACT

This article through to the Chinese table manners and western table manners, compared to a deeper understanding table manners, to smooth the cross-cultural communication. Culture is a kind of social phenomenon, is the product of a long-term create form. And at the same time, a historical phenomenon, and is the social history of the sediment. There are many differences between Chinese and western culture, this paper emphasized the introduction, the analysis of the country compare Chinese and western table manners and the culture, and table manners in various countries of the complete life order occupies a very important position, they think, is not only meet the basic meal physiological needs, the methods of-is the most important social experience. For this, the master of the knowledge of the rules and some food is very important, no matter you are the master or just a guest, and must grasp some rules. Know China and the western countries culture etiquette, and studies the reasons and progress, to our own quality improving and the development of the country has a vital role.

KEY WORDS: Chinese and western; table manners; cultural differences;

reason; development

Introduction

The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference. Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.

Between China and the West culture’s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode. The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention.

Chapter1 Chinese table manners

Table manners in Chinese life and order in the full possession of a very important

position, they believe, eating is not only way to meet their basic physiological needs method -- is also of paramount importance social experience. To this end, grasp the knowledge of the rules in some Chinese restaurants have become particularly important, whether you are a master, or merely a guest, must have some rules.

1.1 Chinese eating custom

Chinese eating habits is that everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality. And sometimes the Chinese hosts use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there.

As everyone knows, Chinese dishes are always finished by means of stir-fry. Different from hamburger, pies and other fast-food westerners have, Chinese dishes are comparatively formal and more delicious. When a meal is ready, every member is always asked to get together at table, which we call the family reunion dinner. During the dining time, the young always pick up the fancy food to the elder, to express his

filial piety; while the older give the delicacy to the youth. Love and politeness was embodied in these interactions.

1.2 eating habits

Eating No-no's

Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead, lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table!

Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be

directed to where nobody is sitting, usually just outward from the table. Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, when the food is coming too slow in a restaurant, people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Drinking

Gan Bei! (Cheers! “Gan Bei” literally means “dry [the] glass”) Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is Bai Jiu,high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of Bai Jiu. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive are Maotai and Wuliangye

Chinese table manners

Chinese table manners of families have no intrinsic quality even there are different region and position. No matter three meals a day or guest’s arrival, always bowls with chopsticks, food with soup. There is no rule for how to put the tableware. What people care about more is not the gorgeous tableware but the sumptuous food? People’s dining position reflects the most obvious etiquette of Chinese table manners. In ancient society, men are supreme, and women are not allowed to sit with men on the same table. Although this is modern society, this kind of ancient etiquette still remains. Today in China, the phenomenon that men sit on the table before women can be found everywhere. The master of a family usually sits on the first-class seat. The first-class seat is usually near the interior of a room facing to the door. Once there is a guest, the master will offer the first-class seat to the guest politely. If it is an ordinary meal of family, families should start after the elder. If there is a guest, the master offer the food to the guest is essential from the beginning to the end. And the tradition of urging others to drink is also a special phenomenon.

1.3 Chinese eating behavior

Even there is no official “table manners’ in china, while there is “eating behavior”. Once there is “eating behavior”, there must be some eating manners up to standard. Here are some characteristics on Chinese eating:

a. Keep your eyes on the meal, especially at the beginning of the meal. b. When eating, keep your bodies forward, and face to your food. c. It is allowed to spit the bone on the tables.

d. When chewing, it is allowed to make some rhythmical noisy of chewing. e. Traditional Chinese meal doesn’t need the public chopsticks.

f. Traditional Chinese meal doesn’t have the sweet snacks after meal.

Chapter 2 Western table manners

2.1 brief introduction

People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western culture. Knowing them will help you make a good impression. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table. Beside

your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine, one for the red wine, and one for water. There are two pairs of knives and forks on the table, forks on the left and knives in the right of the plate. When you see two spoons, the big one is for the soup and the small one for the dessert. The knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a little bit bigger than the ones beside them. When you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your lap. In Chinese you sometime get a hot, damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands, which is not the custom in Western countries.

2.2 western food processes

Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a starter, since people pray before they start eating, and other people may keep silent for a moment. Then you can say” Enjoy your meal” to each other and everybody start eating. For the starter, which you eat with the smaller pair, you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your left. After the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one bole of soup and never ask for a second serving.

The next dish is the main course. Many Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird. Some people can use their fingers when they eating chicken or other birds, but never touch beef or other meat in bones. It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need.

2.3 The development of western table manners

At table, you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot, but do not laugh all the time. Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive home. Many of them drink white or red wine with the food. When drinking to someone's health, you raise your glasses, but the glasses should not touch. The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once, but Westerners usually take only a sip. For drinking during a dinner, the best advice is never to drink too much.

Table manners change over time. They follow the fashion of the day .Beside, table manners are only important at formal dinner parties. If you're not sure what to do, you can always follow your hosts. Although good manners always make you look good, you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family.

Chapter3 the comparative analysis of Chinese and western table manners

3.1 The course of the culture differences

The main difference between Chinese and America eating habits is that unlike, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just

order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g. four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impossible to finish.

A typical meal starts with some cold dishes, like boiled peanuts and smashed cucumber with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy \"staple\" food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on.

3.2 The comparison between Chinese and western etiquette

(Sitting)

In China, any banquet, only will have one form, will be everybody sits in a circle all round. The banquet must use the round table; this formally has created one kind of unity, politeness, altogether the interest atmosphere. The delicacy delicacies place a table of person's center, it is not only the object which table of people appreciate, taste, is also a table of person sentiment exchange intermedium.

Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, and then the guest of honor men and women in the press and the general order of the guests seating arrangements. (Tableware)

Chopsticks are used to eat most kinds of Chinese foods. Hold your chopsticks towards their end, not in the middle or the front third when dining with them. When you are not using your chopsticks, or have finished eating, lay them down in front of you with the tips to left.

For the main or meat curse, the English keep the fork in the left hand; point curved downward, and brings the food to the mouth either by sticking the points onto it or in the case of soft vegetables, by placing it firmly on the fork in this position with the knife.

The older of dishes in China and western

The meal usually begins with a set of at least four cold dishes, to be followed by the main courses of hot meat and vegetable dishes. Soup then will be served to be followed by staple food ranging from rice, noodles to dumplings. If you wish to have your rice to go with other dishes, you should say so in good time, for most of the Chinese choose to have the staple food at last or have none of them at all.

In the west Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called an a starter .After the starter you will get a bowl of soup. The next dish is the main course, it usually is a beefsteak. A vegetable salad will be served. Then a delicious dessert will appear at the table .At last is a cup of tea or coffee.

3.3 The analysis between Chinese and western etiquette

Mr. Yi Zhongtian was in the \"culture of food on the table\" in the interpretation of Chinese and Western cultures were subtle ideological core of Chinese culture is the \"group consciousness\" ideological core of Western culture is the \"individual consciousness.\" So even if the dinners Westerners, but also points the dish, the drink of the wine, so as not to impose our own will. Chinese culture is that the individual will, to obey the common will of the group. Since the intended purpose favors with the intention of blood, its way of manners, naturally, is precious, so the Chinese people love dinner, hi total of food, about harmony. I believe that in a cross-cultural communication in the face of a strange culture, Yin Siwei, life habits and behaviors in different ways, and cultural exchanges during the conflict will inevitably occur. The author from the following four aspects of Chinese and Western table manners were simple compared to the cross-cultural communication can be a proper, decent way to communicate.

First, cultural differences from the cutlery to use point of view

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the most basic differences between Chinese and Western table manners. Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu Ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship. Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place. Northern China wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks. The emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later. According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat. About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross. To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks. Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life. Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match. Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits. The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values. When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications. If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food (to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures. Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo (which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.) When using the knife and fork there are some taboos. Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling. To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency. Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl. Do not bend over picking up utensils fall. Do not cut off good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.

Second, cultural differences from the point of seating arrangements. Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements. Door is on both sides of the

partial blocks. Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Pieria Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat. Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binue the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to \"ladies first\" Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies. In China, respect for the left and right for the times; on respect, under second; in respect, partial for the times. In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.

I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat. Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot. Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal (if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.) Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation. Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance. Remember to head high with food; in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent. Third, cultural differences from the point of dining atmosphere

Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners. Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static. Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking. Chinese people get a table, and then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine. Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart's delight. This \"trouble\" to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people's \"Harmony.\" Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner. Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth. Shut up when eating chewing. Do not lick their lips or smack sound. Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk. If guests do not know about, they may first introduce me. Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech. Keep the volume level of the other party can hear. Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing

Chapter 4 Conclusion

The world's cultures are equal. Culture, good or bad, Should avoid using their own culture, ethics and values as a standard to measure, judge and should adopt an objective and tolerant attitude towards foreign culture; the same time, but also to avoid blindly follow, imitate foreign culture, but should stick to their excellent cultural tradition

Bibliography

[1] 浅析中西方餐桌礼仪存在差异的原因 张文娟 现代商业 2009/04 [2] 中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比 张亚红 边疆经济与文化 2009/04

[3]玛格丽特·维萨 餐桌礼仪：文明举止的起源、发展与含义[M]